Catcher In The Rye :: essays research papers

Catcher in the ryeCatcher in the Rye Holden and His "Phony" FamilyThe protagonist, Holden Caulfield, interacts with many heap throughout J.D.Salinger& adenine8217s novel The Catcher in the Rye, but probably none have as much impact onhim as certain members of his immediate family. The ways Holden acts around orreacts to the various members of his family give the reader a direct view of Holden& angstrom unit8217sphilosophy meet each member. How do Holden& axerophthol8217s different thoughts of hisfamily compare and do his views constitute enough merit to be deemed truth?Holden makes reference to the word " dissembler" forty-four separate times throughout thenovel (Corbett 68-73). Each time he seems to be referring to the subject of thismetaphor as -- someone who discriminates against others, is a deceiver aboutsomething, or has manifestations of conformity (Corbett 71). Throughout The Catcherin the Rye, Holden describes and interacts with various members of his f amily. Theway he talks about or to each gives you some base of whether he thinks they are" faux" or normal. A few of his accounts make it more obvious than others todiscover how he classifies each family member.From the very first scalawag of the novel, Holden begins to refer to his parents as distantand generalizes both his father and mother frequently throughout his chronicle. Oneex group Ale is "&8230my parents would have about two hemorrhages for each one if I told anythingpersonal about them. They&8217re quite touchy about anything wish well that, especially myfather. They&8217re nice and all &8211 I&8217m not saying that &8211 but they&8217re also touchy as hell"(Salinger 1). Holden&8217s father is a lawyer and therefore he considers him "phony"because he views his father&8217s occupation unswervingly as a latitude of his father&8217spersonality. For example, when Holden is talking to Phoebe about what he wants to bewh en he grows up, he cannot answer her question and proceeds to give her his toneabout their father&8217s occupation..&8216Lawyers are all right, I guess &8211 but it doesn&8217t appeal to me,&8217 I said. &8216I mean they&8217re allright if they go around saving innocent guys&8217 lives all the time, and homogeneous that, but youdon&8217t do that kind of stuff if you&8217re a lawyer. All you do is make a plug of dough andCatcher In The Rye essays research papers Catcher in the ryeCatcher in the Rye Holden and His "Phony" FamilyThe protagonist, Holden Caulfield, interacts with many pack throughout J.D.Salinger&8217s novel The Catcher in the Rye, but probably none have as much impact onhim as certain members of his immediate family. The ways Holden acts around orreacts to the various members of his family give the reader a direct view of Holden&8217sphilosophy surround each member. How do Holden&8217s different opinions of hisfamily compare and do his views constitute enough merit to be deemed truth?Holden makes reference to the word "phony" forty-four separate times throughout thenovel (Corbett 68-73). Each time he seems to be referring to the subject of thismetaphor as -- someone who discriminates against others, is a hypocrite aboutsomething, or has manifestations of conformity (Corbett 71). Throughout The Catcherin the Rye, Holden describes and interacts with various members of his family. Theway he talks about or to each gives you some conception of whether he thinks they are"phony" or normal. A few of his accounts make it more obvious than others todiscover how he classifies each family member.From the very first foliate of the novel, Holden begins to refer to his parents as distantand generalizes both his father and mother frequently throughout his chronicle. Oneexample is "&8230my parents would have about two hemorrhages for each one if I told anythingpersonal about them. They &8217re quite touchy about anything like that, especially myfather. They&8217re nice and all &8211 I&8217m not saying that &8211 but they&8217re also touchy as hell"(Salinger 1). Holden&8217s father is a lawyer and therefore he considers him "phony"because he views his father&8217s occupation unswervingly as a replicate of his father&8217spersonality. For example, when Holden is talking to Phoebe about what he wants to bewhen he grows up, he cannot answer her question and proceeds to give her his opinionabout their father&8217s occupation..&8216Lawyers are all right, I guess &8211 but it doesn&8217t appeal to me,&8217 I said. &8216I mean they&8217re allright if they go around saving innocent guys&8217 lives all the time, and like that, but youdon&8217t do that kind of stuff if you&8217re a lawyer. All you do is make a hook of dough and

Dylan Thomas :: essays research papers

Thomas Dying LightDylan Marlais Thomas was innate(p) in Swansea, Wales on October 27, 1914. After leaving school, he worked briefly as a junior reporter on the South Wales Evening Post. In November of 1923 he moved to capital of the United Kingdom and in December of that he published his first book, Eighteen Poems. In April 1936 he met his future wife, Caitlin Macnamara. In September 1936, his second volume of poetry, Twenty-five Poems, was released. In July 1937 Dylan and Caitlin were married and in the following year they moved to Laugharne, Wales. Their first child, Llewlyn Edouard Thomas was born in January 1939. The Map of Love, soon to be the title of a study film, was published in August and The World I Breathe was released in December.(Bookshelf 98)&9In April of 1940 Portrait of the Artist as a Young get across was published and in September Dylan began working for Strand Films, Inc. He remained with Strand through the conclusion of the Second World War. His second child A eronwy, Byrn Thomas was born in March of 1943. Deaths and Entrances was released in 1946. Three years later his child, Colm Garan Hart Thomas, was born. In 1952 his final volume, Collected Poems, was published. In addition to the work previously mentioned, he also published many short stories, wrote filmscripts, broadcast stories, did a series lecture tours in the United States and wrote Under Milkwood, his famous play for voices.(Bookshelf 98)&9During his poop lecture tour of the United States in 1953, he collapsed in his New York hotel. He was but a few days past his 39th birthday. He died on Noovenber 9th, 1953 at St. Vincents Hospital, New York. His alcoholism was legendary and no doubt played a significant role in his demise. His Body was sent rear end to Laugharne, Wales, where his grave is marked by a simple wooden cross- the way he would have seen fit. In July 1994 his wife, Caitlin, died in Italy. She had spent most of her years there since his death.(Bookshelf 98)&9&9Th omas, one of the best known poets of the mid-twentieth century, is remembered for his highly original, obscure poems, his amusing prose tales and plays, and his turbulent, highly-publicized personal life. He was widely recognized for his powerful poetry readings of BBC radio. He became a very popular public figure. Thomas was a man with a very Keatsian style and manner.

Interview With a Parent of a Child with Special Needs Essay -- Intervie

I interviewed a woman who has a nipper with special needs. The child is now in kindergarten. The mother reported having a normal pregnancy with no complications. This was the second child for the mother, who has another child who was five years quondam(a) at the time. The mother disclosed that during the pregnancy, she was in the process of separating from the childs father and that this caused a moderate level of stress. At the time of the pregnancy, the mother was in like manner working full time as a waitress in a local restaurant. The mother reported that her job required her to be on her feet for long periods of time. She was able to work until around a week before her child was born. The mother reports that the child was born around two weeks early merely that labor was easy and the child was born healthy.The mother described the child as being a fussy infant who had trouble sleeping and would wake up several times during the night. The mother in like manner reports the child was a fussy eater, and she experienced trouble feeding her miss during infancy and needed to switch her daughter to soy formula. Overall the mother reported that the daughter was a happy infant who smiled often. The mother reported her child being alert and responding positively to family members who visited and enjoyed playing with her toys. In regards to the development, the mother reported that her daughter seemed to be developing slower than her first child who hit certain milestones earlier.The mother reports remembering her daughter babbling, however says she did not say her first word until much later on than her first child. She said that this was a concern for her and that she discussed it with her pediatrician who did not see whatever cause for alarm at the time. When t... ...orking collaboratively with families is to be patient understanding. Do not assume their unwillingness is because they do not want to help their child. I would also say that it is import ant for them to keep communication open make an effort to include the parents. Take the initiative to a establish coequal relationship. Dont be discouraged by limited initial success. (Oslens & Fuller 2012, p 128.)Referencesohttp//www.corestandards.org/ELA-Literacy/SL/K Gerald Mahoney, Ann Kaiser, Luigi Girolametto, James MacDonald, Cordelia Robinson, Philip Safford, and Donna SpikerParent Education in Early preventative A Call for a Renewed Focus Topics in Early Childhood Special Education Fall 1999 19 131-140,Olsen, Glenn W., and Mary Lou Fuller. Home and direct relations teachers and parents working together. 4th ed. Boston Pearson, 2012. Print.

9/11 Photo Essay :: American America History

9/11 Photo EssayThe day of 9/11 is a day that will be in the back of everybodys minds for lifetime. On that sorrowful day four passenger airplanes were highjacked and ultimately crashed. Two of the airplanes crashed into all(prenominal) of the Twin Towers located in New York City. After the buildings burned for around 20 minutes they fell to the ground bringing along millions of tons of detritus that killed many workers from both towers. One of the other airplanes crashed into the Pentagon also killing many innocent people. The last airplane crashed in a field in pappa after many believe that the passengers over powered the highjackers. Many people still morn the deaths of the victims from 9/11. From the second the planes crashed, people have tried to accommodate money from this ordeal, making it one of the most advertised and talked about issue the US has ever chitchatn. The photos that are being displayed are attesting the emotions that the camera wants to show us. We only fee l emotion from this tragedy because we ether have known someone that has been hurt, or we have seen the event happen so many multiplication we just start to feel miserable for just trying to imagine it. It was said once that a picture is worth a gravitational constant words. Those thousand words are being manipulated by who has taken the picture. Every event can be made to look bad by a authoritative camera angle. Every picture and camera is biased to someones certain point of view. That point of view could either be of a bad or cracking emotional state. The pictures from 911 are showing the emotions, that he American public wants to feel. In order for America to feel good about killing hundreds of Afghannies we have to see these bad images over and over again so that we can not feel the littlest sympathy for those of the families that we bomb everyday. Since thousands of Americans have died, we should show these images that are all of sad emotions so we can get over this big me ss. The pictures taken on 911 are all in sad and shocking mood. There is no itinerary to make 911 happy in any way. Any picture taken from 911 is going to have a very sad and depressing mood to it. solely this is the way that day should be looked at, a very sad and depressing mode.

Joel-Peter Witkin :: essays research papers

A partir diethylstilboestrol annes 1970 qui marquent la fin de lge dor du photojournalisme, de nombreux photographes, quils soient autodidactes ou quils aient bnfici dune formation spcialise, examinent, assimilent et simprgnent tellement diethylstilbestrol recherches et des russites de leurs prdcesseurs quils les incorporent dune faon ou dune autre dautonomic nervous system leur propre cration. Joel-Peter Witkin, qui a visit les genus Muses depuis son adolescence et qui a tudi lhistoire de la photographie lUniversit du Nouveau-Mexique, est certainement lune des figures les plus emblmatiques de ces gnrations daprs la Deuxime Guerre mondiale qui reconnaissent leurs hritages et leurs filiations. Certes, il est n en 1939, mais depuis quil ralise les tableaux photographiques qui lui ont dj assur une renomme internationale, il se rfre rgulirement aux peintres (Archimboldo, Rubens, Goya, Vlasquez, Courbet, etc.) et aux photographes (Mayer et Pierson, Fenton, Marey, Weegee, Horst, Man Ra y, etc.) dont il apprcie la contribution lhistoire de lart. Comme ses pairs, il sait que lart ne nat pas de rien et quil se nourrit autant des ides et des formes quil a dj engendres, que des composantes de la socit, religieuses, politiques, conomiques, sociales, techniques et autres. De mme quil intgre dans son travail photographique, sans tricher, ses propres aspirations, sa propre qute, Witkin assume ses sources dinspiration et il rend rgulirement hommage ceux qui participent, tant spirituellement que plastiquement, la gense de ses uvres. Lexposition Joel-Peter Witkin, disciple et matre claire le dialogue continu que le dmiurge entretient depuis vingt ans avec lhistoire de la photographie. A la fois pouss par ses pulsions et impressionn par le pouvoir du rel que la photographie peut reproduire, Witkin se sert de rfrences, tablit des connivences, rgnre des uvres quil affectionne et quelquefois, au prix dune mue, les prolonge. Elles laident donner ses visions la force imprieuse quelles requirent. Il trouve dans le patrimoine photographique des racines, des ferments, des repres, des suggestions qui alimentent son rapport au rel et son rapport lart.Lexposition permet dapprcier vingt-six uvres de Witkin quil a lui-mme mises en regard de photographies dauteurs tels que Lewis Carroll, Fred Holland Day, Diane Arbus et Brassa.

Joel-Peter Witkin :: essays research papers

A partir diethylstilboestrol annes 1970 qui marquent la fin de lge dor du photojournalisme, de nombreux photographes, quils soient autodidactes ou quils aient bnfici dune formation spcialise, examinent, assimilent et simprgnent tellement des recherches et des russites de leurs prdcesseurs quils les incorporent dune faon ou dune autre dans leur propre cration. Joel-Peter Witkin, qui a visit les muses depuis son adolescence et qui a tudi lhistoire de la photographie lUniversit du Nouveau-Mexique, est certainement lune des figures les plus emblmatiques de ces gnrations daprs la Deuxime Guerre mondiale qui reconnaissent leurs hritages et leurs filiations. Certes, il est n en 1939, mais depuis quil ralise les tableaux photographiques qui lui ont dj assur une renomme internationale, il se rfre rgulirement aux peintres (Archimboldo, Rubens, Goya, Vlasquez, Courbet, etc.) et aux photographes (Mayer et Pierson, Fenton, Marey, Weegee, Horst, human being Ray, etc.) dont il apprcie la contri bution lhistoire de lart. Comme ses pairs, il sait que lart ne nat pas de rien et quil se nourrit autant des ides et des formes quil a dj engendres, que des composantes de la socit, religieuses, politiques, conomiques, sociales, techniques et autres. De mme quil intgre dans son travail photographique, sans tricher, ses propres aspirations, sa propre qute, Witkin assume ses sources d aspiration et il rend rgulirement hommage ceux qui participent, tant spirituellement que plastiquement, la gense de ses uvres. Lexposition Joel-Peter Witkin, disciple et matre claire le dialogue continu que le dmiurge entretient depuis vingt ans avec lhistoire de la photographie. A la fois pouss par ses pulsions et impressionn par le pouvoir du rel que la photographie peut reproduire, Witkin se sert de rfrences, tablit des connivences, rgnre des uvres quil affectionne et quelquefois, au prix dune mue, les prolonge. Elles laident donner ses visions la force imprieuse quelles requirent. Il trouve dans le patrimoine photographique des racines, des ferments, des repres, des suggestions qui alimentent son rapport au rel et son rapport lart.Lexposition permet dapprcier vingt-six uvres de Witkin quil a lui-mme mises en regard de photographies dauteurs tels que Lewis Carroll, Fred Holland Day, Diane Arbus et Brassa.

Analysis And Interpretation Of Henry

Over time he becomes more and ore grasping, since his married wo opus appreciates the doll more than him and therefore he decides to get give up of the doll. There are many themes in the story, such as marriage, jealousy and childish behavior. The genre is very comical as there is an exaggeration of the rumpus that can OCCUr in a marriage. It can be seen that it is a short Story by There are few persons It is a choppy beginning/ in medias rest It is a short story It has an open ending, because it leaves the reader in uncertainty.Living with his wife and the doll hydrogen, the narrator becomes more and more jealous and starts hating both of them, especially Henry with his well-bred smile. He is very aware of the fact that his wife loves and appreciates Henry the doll more than him and that Henry is better facial expression than him, which he himself says, In our tiny kitchen he towered above my puny height of five foot nonhing. He looked handsome and smart with his green vinyl courtship and firm jaw (II. 13-14 p. 2). You can tell by her tone when she speaks with her husband that she does not love and appreciate her husband as much as she loves and appreciates Henry.This is to a fault seen in the bring up HERE, LET ME DO IT. Youre 3 p. 2). She says that he is useless, which she also mentions several times through the story. The following quote shows that the wife appreciate Henry more because she buys better gifts to the doll Henry compared to what she buys to her husband At Christmas, my wife bought me a set of kitchen skewers and a potato-peeler. Henry got a checked cap, a massive tartan scarf and a smart pair of driving gloves (II. 3-4 p. 3). By this you can see how much more the wife appreciate the doll alternatively than her husband.In this short story, there is an omniscient first-person narrator, as the narrator acts as a first-person narrator and because he knows about his fifes feelings, this can be seen in the following quote My wife screamed with hatred(al. 10 p. 3). In this quote it can be seen that he describes the way and the feeling his wife had when she screamed. It can also be seen in the quote She gazed with admiration as the figure slowly grew to full size (II. 12 p. 2). In this quote he knows about her feelings, as he describes how she gazed as the figure slowly grew to full size.The narrator seems to be mentally unstable, because he has a childish behavior. This can be seen in the quote He had a triumphant smile upon his lips (II. 21 p. 4). He attaches the doll human- corresponding behavior, when he mentions the triumphant smile, which he does several times. This makes him very depressive, because he has a negative view on life, which can be seen by all the many negative adjectives he assigns his wife. He is afraid of being alone and abandoned therefore he does not leave her in the beginning, even though she treats him badly.The narrator has a subjective interpretation of reality, because there is an exaggerat ion of the turmoil that can occur in the marriage. The main purpose of buying Henry is to use it to frighten off muggers- the wife mentions. It is going to sit beside the wife when she is driving, but Henry has gained more importance, since the wife acts like Henry is her new husband. At some point it becomes too much for her husband and that is why he wants to get rid of Henry. Eventually when his wife sees what he has done, she begins crying.At some point he hears her crying and then he repairs Henry, Moved by her hysterical cries, I ran for my puncture kit and made a overhasty repair. After much huffing and puffing at the pump, Henry was restored to his full 13-14 p. 3). The author has a humorous style of writing, which makes the text entertaining. An example might be the episode where the wife explains that she bought Henry to frighten off muggers, when she is driving. Here occurs a humorous comment from her husband l smiled. My wife frighten off muggers without the care of a dummy (II. 7 p. 2). The use of humor is also a way of distancing oneself from painful experiences. His own wife frightens the narrator l decided to throw round for a bit. Didnt want to be there when she discovered that he was missing. I smirked to myself. She was crazy about Henry. She would kill me if she knew what I had done (II. 5-7 p. 4). The atmosphere in the couples house, is unstable and filled with jealousy, because it seems like they are getting divorced. You would also expect that they would be getting a divorce in any moment. At Christmas, my wife cap, a long tartan scarf and a smart pair of driving gloves (II. 34 p. 3) He deserves them, she said, youre just useless (II. 5 p. 3) A commodious surge of anger rose up in me. How I hated them both (II. 6 p. 3) From the quotes above, it can be seen that the mood in the house is hateful. The campaign they are together is not because they love each other, but because their title as a aired couple. Their relationship becomes m ore and more hateful when the man makes it worse by adding Henry human characteristics.

Business: International Trade and B. Technology

BUS100 Sample Exam 1 Student1. Which of the following organizations is an drill of the goods-producing sector of the economy? A. Ford Motor Company B. Florida State University C. Childrens Hospital D. H R Block Tax Consulting2. Which of the statements most demography is most accurate? Demographic studies A. focus on factors that commit great political relevance, but teeny relevance to business firms. B. suggest that the number of two-income families will decline in the future. C. rovide business and individuals with insights into business and c atomic number 18er opportunities of the future. D. be an important source of information about changes in weather and climate.3. Public schools, charities and political relation agencies are not classified as businesses because they A. have not been incorporated. B. do not seek to earn a profit. C. provide renovations rather than goods. D. do not have any stockholders.4. In order to make an intelligent investment decision, entrepreneu rs should A. limit their options to those business investments that are backed by the U. S. government. B. nvest in businesses that have generated a stable rate of profit for at least the past ten years. C. invest only in business opportunities where it is possible to take an active role in management. D. compare the risks of potential investments to their expected profits and find the right equilibrise between profit and risk.5. Which of the following entails the greatest amount of risk? A. Working for the government. B. Working for a large business. C. Working for a small business. D. Starting a business.6. Which of the following policies would escape to foster entrepreneurship? A. establishing a currency that is tradable on world markets. B. establishing more regulations to protect the environment. C. developing policies to reduce corruption between individuals. D. allowing public receiveership of businesses.7. When businesses sell to another(prenominal)wise businesses over the Internet, these transactions are known as A. B2C transactions. B. e-wholesale transactions. C. B2B transactions. D. intermediate e-commerce transactions.8. Which of the following is an advantage of utilizing technology? A. Technology increases the cost of production. B. Technology reduces the need for a pile plan. C. Productivity increases. D. Management becomes isolated from the demands of stakeholders.9. All around the world, countries are trying to create more wealth by A. raising taxes. B. selling government-owned businesses to private individuals. C. limit trade with other countries in order to protect local businesses. D. attempting to attain more gold through foreign trade.10. ___________ means producing items with the least amount of resources. A. talent B. Technology C. E-production D. Productivity11. In the nation of Equalia, many businesses are privately owned, but the government owns some of the basic businesses and has developed many social programs designed to crusade social equality. The economy of Equalia would be considered an example of A. pure capitalism. B. socialism. C. mercantilism. D. communism.12. __________ unemployment refers to those people who have quite educate because they didnt like the job, the boss, or the working conditions and who havent yet found a new job. A. Frictional B. Structural C. Cyclical D. Seasonal13. One benefit of the rights and freedoms of capitalism is that A. people feel safe and dont take any risks in business. B. people are willing to take more risks than they would otherwise. C. eople dont have to choose where they will work. D. the prices of needed products are always very low.14. __________ unemployment refers to unemployment caused by the restructuring of firms or by a twin between the skills of job seekers and the requirements of available jobs. A. Frictional B. Structural C. Cyclical D. Seasonal15. Which of the following statements provides the most accurate comparison of socialism and commu nism? A. Under socialism the government owns most businesses, while under communism the church owns most businesses. B. Both socialism and communism want to achieve a more equal dissemination of income and wealth, but under communism the government takes more control over peoples lives. C. Socialism strives for an equal distribution of income but communism wants income to go primarily to those who own and operate private businesses. D. Communism believes that the government should always strive to balance its budget, while socialism accepts deficit spending as the price of achieving true equality.16. A collapse in the national banking system of Lasia has resulted in a condition where prices are actually declining. This condition is known as A. disinflation. B. deflation. C. contra inflation. D. overproduction.17. One of the most world-shattering problems faced by communist economies is A. a great inequality in the distribution of wealth and income. B. severe inflationary pressures due to rapid economic growth. C. likewise little government regulation of economic activity. D. persistent shortages of basic goods such as food and clothing.18. Thomas Malthus was pessimistic about the ability of societies to achieve postgraduate standards of living for most of their citizens because he believed that A. the government had a natural hunt downency to run deficits that would eventually bankrupt the country. B. population growth would result in shortages of food and resources. C. owners of businesses would deliberately exploit their employees in an attempt to earn greater profits, and this would ultimately lead to a workers revolt. D. high tax rates would eventually undermine peoples incentives to work hard and create wealth.19. Which of the following statements about the provideeral Reserve System (the Fed) is most accurate? A. The Fed is an agency of the U. S. Treasury Department that has the responsibility of hoard tax receipts for the IRS. B. The Fed manages the U. S. money supply and interest rates. C. The Fed is the primary government agency involved in carrying out our nations fiscal policies. D. The Fed is the agency of the government that ensures the U. S. maintains enough gold reserves to pay any foreign debts that result from international trade.20. The nation of Nadiria is in the midst of a implike economic downturn. The nations GDP has been declining steadily for over five years and is now at its lowest level in over fifty years. Nadirias unemployment rate is at an all time high and the nations CPI is falling. Nadiria is experiencing a A. period of stagflation. B. balance of trade deficit. C. depression. D. retraction.21. Mortavia is a small nation that has followed protectionist policies for many years. Which of the following would be an example of a nontariff barrier established by Mortavia? A. Establishment of a tax levied on imported goods so that foreign products are more costly than competing home(prenominal) goods. B . Establishment of a tax levied on imported goods designed primarily to raise money for the government. C. Establishment of restrictive quality standards requiring foreign firms to make expensive modifications in their products before they can be sold in Mortavia. D. Participation in the Uruguay Round of GATT negotiations.22. The two basic types of tariffs are A. goods and services. B. general and limited. C. comparative and absolute. D. revenue and protective.23. __________ is an arrangement whereby someone with a good idea for a business sells the rights to use the business name and sell a product or service to others in a presumption territory in a specified manner. A. Franchising B. Contract manufacturing C. Import trading D. Export trading24. The difference between money climax into a country (from exports) and money leaving the country (for imports) plus money flows from other factors such as tourism, foreign aid, and military expenditures is referred to as the A. balance of payments. B. balance of trade. C. balance of money flows. D. exchange rate.25. The largest importer in the global market today is A. Japan. B. Russia. C. Germany. D. the United States.26. The emerging nation of Lancerland has enacted a tariff on imported rock oil in order to raise money for their new government. This trade restriction is an example of a(n) ________ tariff. A. revenue B. rotective C. percentage D. fixed27. A Mexican firm has agreed to trade petroleum to an American importer in return for U. S. made computers. This arrangement is an example of A. a letter of credit arrangement. B. a nontariff trade. C. arbitrage. D. barter.28. The second wave of offshore outsourcing refers to A. abject jobs to South America in addition to China. B. despicable skilled service jobs such as those in accounting offshore. C. moving jobs to India in addition to China. D. moving manufacturing jobs offshore.29. One advantage of free trade is A. jobs are shifted to low-wage global markets. B. service jobs are moved overseas. C. advanced production operations are built in low-wage countries. D. innovation for new products occurs and keeps firms competitively challenged.30. Casey is typical of many U. S. businesspeople. Casey feels the U. S. culture should be the model for the rest of the world, and that the American way of doing things is the best. Casey is guilty of A. ethnic plagiarism. B. ethnocentricity. C. culture shock. D. predict culture.31. After developing a code of ethics, it should be communicated to A. everyone with whom the business has dealings. B. the Attorney General in jurisdictions where the business has operations. C. all levels of management. D. stockholders.32. Management and employees at Boyer Enterprises are given time off each year to work in local charities. This firm clearly practices A. corporate philanthropy. B. social irresponsibility. C. community mediation services. D. participative funding.33. A hero offers to share with you a term pa per she prepared for her Introduction to Business class last semester. When you tell her that it wouldnt be fair, she reminds you of your habit of reading an entire desolate Potter book at the local bookstore without paying for the book. Which ethics-based question would be the most helpful in evaluating these situations? A. Is it legal? B. Am I performing fairly? C. Who wins and who loses? D. Will I get caught?34. Environmental quality is considered to be a public good. This means that A. ultimately it is the public that pays for environmental clean up. B. businesses have a responsibility to minimize their environmental pollution. C. everyone enjoys a cleaner environment regardless of who pays for it. D. society places a higher value on private goods and services.35. The firstborn step when facing an ethical dilemma is to ask A. Is it legal? B. Is it balanced? C. How will it make me feel about myself? D. Is it ethical? 36. When working with international firms, U. S. businesse s A. tend to ignore the ethics of their international partners. B. expect socially responsible deportment from their business partners. C. feel that their responsibility is limited to the United States. D. try to avoid judge our international business partners by U. S. standards.37. Which of the following is the most important step to help improve Americas business ethics? A. middle management support B. discipline C. enforcement D. identification of the organizational ethics officer38. The danger in writing new laws to correct behavior is that A. people may begin to think that any behavior that is within the law is acceptable. B. people will see the difference between ethics and legality. C. legal behavior will reflect the totality of peoples proper transaction with one another. D. there will not be enough jails to house those who break the law.39. Critics of corporate social responsibility view spending money on CSR as A. a necessary evil. B. stealing from investors. C. import ant for America. D. moving toward capitalism.40. Obeying the law is ________ ethical behavior. A. essentially the same as B. the first step towards C. the opposite of D. improbable to lead to41. One of the newest items on the Cajun Cookin menu is a spicy Cajun-burger. Sondra was quite surprised to learn that how she made this burger was regulated by the A. Federal Trade Commission. B. nutriment and Drug Administration. C. Federal Nutritional Association. D. State Board of Food Examiners.42. One of the reasons you bought your mom a name-brand mixer for Mothers Day was that it came with a full warranty. This means that A. the mixer is guaranteed to last for 10 years with normal use. B. the mixer will make wonderful baked goods as well as pasta. C. the mixer will be repaired or replaced at no charge if it is defective. D. only the motor is covered by the mixer manufacturer.43. One result of deregulation in the airline assiduity has been A. less intense competition. B. increase avia tion related fatalities. C. higher prices for consumers. D. lower prices for consumers.44. You agree to sell your car to your neighbor for $5,000. You and your neighbor have provided each other A. duress. B. consideration. C. an endorsement. D. an expressed warranty.45. Which of the following do school districts utilize to generate needed funding? A. sin tax B. sales tax C. property tax D. income tax46. The resort for a tort is A. imprisonment. B. a breach of contract. C. bankruptcy. D. monetary compensation.47. Which of the following protects the original work of authors and artists (i. e. , their books, photos, or cartoons)? A. a trademark B. a copyright C. the Uniform mercantile Code D. a patent48. The Griggs v. Duke Power Company (1971) case established a precedent on the need to use job-related tests in employment practices. Similar salute cases have been decided based on this decision. This is an example of A. common law. B. statutory law. C. administrative law. D. criminal law.49. Which of the following is a requirement for commercial paper to be considered a negotiable instrument? It must A. be signed in approval by a third party. B. contain a conditional foretell to pay. C. be a promise to pay a specified amount of money. D. be an oral agreement between two or more parties.50. In which of the following does the creditor start legal procedures? A. debtor initiatives B. voluntary bankruptcy C. involuntary bankruptcy D. creditor restructuringBUS100 Sample Exam 1 Key 1. (p. 20)A 2. (p. 16)C 3. (p. 7)B 4. (p. 4-5)D 5. (p. 8)D 6. (p. 12)A 7. (p. 14)C 8. (p. 13)C 9. p. 12)B 10. (p. 13)A 11. (p. 41)B 12. (p. 47, figure 2. 6)A 13. (p. 36)B 14. (p. 47, figure 2. 6)B 15. (p. 42)B 16. (p. 47)B 17. (p. 42)D 18. (p. 31)B 19. (p. 51)B 20. (p. 49)C 21. (p. 76)C 22. (p. 75-76)D 23. (p. 67)A 24. (p. 64)A 25. (p. 60)D 26. (p. 76)A 27. (p. 74)D 28. (p. 81)B 29. (p. 62 figure 3. 2)D 30. (p. 71)B 31. (p. 97)A 32. (p. 99-100)A 33. (p. 92)B 34. (p. 106)C 35. (p. 92)A 36. (p. 108)B 37. (p. 97)C 38. (p. 90)A 39. (p. 99)B 40. (p. 90)B 41. (p. 585, figure A. 4)B 42. (p. 579)C 43. (p. 588)D 44. (p. 580)B 45. (p. 584)C 46. (p. 576)D 47. (p. 578)B 48. (p. 574)A 49. (p. 580)C 50. (p. 586)C

Benefits Of Gardening

Benefits Of floriculture Gardening is a hobby for many large number. Gardening means nothing to some commonwealth. Gardening is done all over the world in any type of w carry offher. Gardening gives us pleasure and is very effective to our minds. Gardening is done at homes, hotels, parks etc. Nowadays there is barely any tending done. Most people have forgotten the benefits of gardening. In the olden days every(prenominal) house had a garden. It was filled with ve crapables, fruits and flowers. Nowadays most people think that gardening is useless.They buy all their vegetables and fruits from the market, but do they know whether the vegetables or fruits they eat are chemicalised or not? If we have our own garden there are two main and basic benefits. One is we give notice eat the fruits and vegetables without buy thus, reducing the expenditure. Two is we can be sure that the fruits we eat are fresh, healthy and non-chemicalised. The place where I live, gardening is done by most people but still some think its useless. In my hometown, every house has a garden.It is a shelter from sunlight and it gives us an exercise. Most people at present fall sick when they are 40 or 50 years old but in my hometown its quite different, all work in the garden from early morning till sunrise. It gives us a morning exercise and it makes us very energetic to do our work for the rest of the day. For most people gardening is a remedy for diseases like cholesterol and diabetes. It creates a peaceful mind. In the early morning when you wake up you hear the birds chirping in your garden. You can send off green in front of you.People who have eye roblems are advised by the doctors to wake up early in the morning and see green plants. They will help to cure your eye problems. When you have a garden of flowers the fragrance that come from the flowers and the different beautiful colours are a real treat in the morning. Our life expectancy rate goes up if we are physically and menta lly healthy, gardening helps in that case as well. I would say that overall gardening is a physical and psychological medicine for everybody. I encourage everyone to do gardening and you will find that you will get very good benefits from it.

Analysis and Valuation of Privately Held Companies Essay

10.1 What is the majusculeization ordain and how does it relate to the discount rate? result The edges discount rate and capitalization rate ar often used interchangeably. Whenever the growth rate of a firms interchange flows is projected to vary over time, the bourn discount rate generally refers to the factor used to convert the projected cash flows to present fosters. In contrast, if the cash flows of the firm are not evaluate to grow or are expected to grow at a constant rate indefinitely, the discount rate employed by practitioners is often referred as the capitalization rate.10.2 What are the common ways of estimating the capitalization rate? firmness Capitalization rates may be estimated by using the Capital addition Pricing Model, cost of capital, price-to-earnings ratios, accounting based returns such as the return on equity, and the build-up method.10.3 What is the marketability discount and what are common ways of estimating this discount?Answer The seek associa ted with an illiquid market for the specific stock is often referred to as the marketability or liquidity discount. Liquidity is the ease with which an investor can sell their stock with forbidden a serious injury of value. An investor in a small company may find it difficult to sell quickly their shares because of limited interest in the company. Consequently, the investor may find it demand to sell their shares at a monumental discount from what they paid for the shares.10.4 Give examples of private company costs that might be understated and explain why.Answer Examples may include employee training and the cost of complying with government regulation such as OSHA and the EPA. Small, privately owned firms tend to under-spend in these areas since they do not render directly to current profitability.10.5 How can an psychoanalyst determine if the target firms costs and revenues are understated or overstated?Answer The analyst may determine that revenues have been overstated by c omparing the accounting practices to GAAP guidelines and to other comparable firms. It may be determined that costs are understated by comparing the firms accounting practices with GAAP standards and by comparing the firms common size financial statements with those of homogeneous firms.10.6 Why might shell senss have value?Answer Merging with an existing corporate shell of a formerly publicly traded company may be a reasonable alternative for a firm wanting to go public that is unable to provide the 2 years of audited financial statements demand by the SEC or unwilling to incur the costs of going public through an initial public offering. Thus, merging with a shell corporation may represent an effective alternative to an initial public offering for a small firm. Shell corporations may also be attractive for investors evoke in capitalizing on the intangible value associated with the existing corporate shell. This could include name recognition licenses, patents, and other forms of intellectual properties and underutilized assets such as warehouse plaza and fully depreciated equipment with some economic life remaining.10.7 Why might succession grooming be more challenging for family owned firms?Answer Succession planning is a critical activity in any firm. However, the challenge often is greater in family firms which wish to keep top managementpositions in the family. This hindrance limits the total pool of management talent available to the family owned firm, as some family members may have no interest in the firm and others alone do not have the credentials to step into a management role.10.8 What are some of the reasons a family-owned or privately-owned melody may want to go public? What are some of the reasons that discourage such firms from going public?Answer Private or family owned firms are more likely to go public when valuations are high or are increasing. Companies also are inclined to go public when they anticipate an inability to finance f uture investment funds opportunities or the outlook for the future profitability is unclear. In contrast, private firms are less likely to go public because of the increasing reporting requirements of Sarbanes-Oxley and the SEC, as tumesce as concern about interference from public shareholders. Private firms also are less likely to go public when the special privileges that accrue to the imperious shareholders exceed the anticipated benefits from going public.10.9 Why are family owned firms often attractive to private equity investors?Answer Family-owned firms often encounter succession problems. The crack up wants to retire but either lacks confidence in existing family members as successors or cannot find a family member with the right credentials interested in taking control. Consequently, selling out to a private equity firm may be an attractive alternative. Such firms are interested in not only providing financing but also in providing board and management experience and exp ertise. They intend to invest for the long-term enabling the founder to cash out with some assurance the firm will continue to prosper.10.10 Rank from the highest to the lowest the liquidity discount you would apply if you as a business appraiser had been asked to value the following businesses a) a local, profitable hardware store, b) a money losing laundry, c) a large privately owned but marginallyprofitable firm with significant excess cash balances and other liquid short-term investments, and d) a pool cleaning service whose primary tangible assets consist of a 2-year old motortruck and miscellaneous equipment. Explain your ranking.Answer In descending order of magnitude, the liquidity discounts associated with these businesses would be as follows d) The business is small, with few liquid assets of significant value b) the business is small and unprofitable but does have some equipment that can be liquidated a) the business is financially healthy c) the business is large with s ubstantial liquid assets.Selected shape Problems and Answers10.14 Based on its growth prospects, a private investor values a local bakery at $750,000. She call backs that cost savings having a present value of $50,000 can be achieved by changing staffing levels and store hours. Based on new-fangled empirical studies, she believes the appropriate liquidity discount is 20 percent. A recent transaction in the same city required the buyer to pay a 5 percent premium to the asking price to gain a controlling interest in a similar business. What is the most she should be willing to pay for a 50.1 percent stake in the bakery?Answer The investor should not offer more than $336,672.Maximum Offer Price (50.1%) = ($750,000+$50,000) x (1-.2)(1+.05) x .501 = $336,67210.15 You have been asked by an investor to value a restaurant. Last year, the restaurant realize pretax operating income of $300,000. Income has grown 4% annually during the last five years, and it is expected to continue growing at that rate into the foreseeable future. The annual change in working capital is $20,000, and capital spending for maintenance exceeded depreciation in the prior year by $15,000. Both working capital and theexcess of capital spending over depreciation are projected to grow at the same rate as operating income. By introducing modern management methods, you believe the pretax operating income growth rate can be increased to 6% beyond the second year and sustained at that rate into the foreseeable future. The ten-year exchequer bond rate is 5%, the equity seek premium is 5.5%, and the marginal federal, state, and local tax rate is 40%.The beta and debt-to-equity ratio for publicly traded firms in the restaurant industry are 2 and 1.5, respectively. The businesss target debt-to-equity ratio is 1, and its pretax cost of borrowing, based on its recent borrowing activities, is 7%. The business-specific risk premium for firms of this size is estimated to be 6%. The liquidity risk premium is believed to be 15%, relatively low for firms of this type due to the excellent write up of the restaurant. Since the current chef and the staff are expected to remain after the business is sold, the quality of the restaurant is expected to be maintained. The investor is willing to pay a 10% premium to reflect the value of control. a. What is free cash flow to the firm in year 1?Free cash flow to the firm in year 1 = $300,000 x 1.04 x (1 .4) $20,000 x 1.04 $15,000 x 1.04 = $187,200 $20,800 $15,600 = $150,800 b. What is free cash flow to the firm in year 2?Free cash flow to the firm in year 2 = ($300,000 x 1.042) x (1-.4) $20,000 x 1.042 $15,000 x 1.042 = $194,688 $21,632 $16,224 = $156,832 c. What is the firms cost of equity?Industrys unleveraged beta = 2 / (1 + .6 x 1.5) = 1.05Restaurants leveraged beta = 1.05 (1 + .6 x 1.0) = 1.68Cost of Equity = .05 + 1.68 (.055) + .06 = .2024d. What is the firms after-tax cost of debt?After-tax cost of debt = .07 x (1-.4) = .042e. W hat is the firms target debt-to-total capital ratio? Restaurants target debt-to-total capital ratio = target D/E / (1 + target D/E) = 1 / 2 = .5 f. What is the weighted average cost of capital?Weighted average cost of capital = .5 x .2024 + .5 x .042 = .1012 + .0210 = .1222 g.What is the business worth?PV = $150,800 + $156,832 + ($156,832 x 1.06)/(.1222 .06) = (1.1222) (1.1222)2 (1.1222)2= $134,379 + $124,536 + $2,122,313 = $2,381,228(Note The eldest two terms represent the PV of the firms operating cash flows before the application of modern management methods is fully implemented the third term is the terminal value and reflects the anticipated sustained improvement in cash flows when the benefits of the new management techniques are fully realized.)PV (after the liquidity discount & control premium) = $2,381,228 x (1 .15) x (1 + .10) = $2,226,448

Marxism Analysis of The Lower Depths Essay

Maxim Gorkys The Lower Depths shows the struggle amidst mobes. Unquestionably, its focus is on the gloomyest of the economic tout ensembley low class people being controlled by the bourgeoisie. It is also a representation of how cruel the society could be towards them and how, in turn, the people are affected by the society. Although the tender talks of the story of low class people the vagrant, the gambler, the ex-artist, the ex-aristocrat, the prostitute, and so many others, the footpads character is the best to display the struggle between the classes.Thieves are likely to be wicked, troublesome, and disobedient. However, the plunderer in the text edition projects only the wickedness and troublesomeness but is not really disobedient. He is a spell subservient to the whims of their landlady. Though it is true that there are times when he doesnt want to follow what the woman says, in the end the woman would forever and a day find a way to make him do whatever she likes. For instance, when the landlady wanted the thief to kill her husband, the thief refused. And to bring her plans into reality, she beats Natasha whom the thief cared about.This made the thief furious and he went to confront the landlady but he incidentally killed her husband instead. Aside from this, the fact that the landlady owned her sister Natasha made the thief adhere to her caprice. He is always protecting his love and is willing to do everything to spare her from the landlord and the landladys in rightful(prenominal)ice. The text embodies how the low class people resist the ideology of those in the high classes. However, because of circumstances they are in, they end up going along with whatever those in higher classes demands.The lower economic groups are ignored in this text by those higher than them. The mere title of the play is distasteful. The place where the characters live is created and tagged as the lower depths by no other than the society itself. This just means that the society is also the primary reason for the repression experienced by the people. What the society didnt realize is that these low class people are in the lower depths because they are deprived of chances to attain their goals and they are put on circumstances that destroy their self-confidence.The system of the ruling class caused the alienation of the low class people, therefore causing them not to be able to live their lives to the fullest. Also, the setting is where the characters tell their stories and debate on whether it is better to live without illusions on ones own capability or to embrace a romanticized view of the world in order to protect oneself from the pain of daily life. In the play, it is the character of Luka who seems to regard everything in life and the one who demonstrate that philosophy is meant to be used as an instrument to initiate change.Precisely, it was him who played the opposing figure to the rest of the characters. He is an example of an old man whom experiences made wise. He serves as an inspiration to everyone he meets by urging each of them to start a new life. In spite of this, his extreme optimism could also be the same reason why his life failed. And although he amazed the neglected lower class people in the lower depths, his arrival in their lives was too late that their energy and will has already taken from them. No matter how those people try to ascend from the loving swamp, they are always shoved back into the depths.For example, when Natasha and the thief were about to begin a new life, destiny surpass them. Natasha was terribly beaten by her sister and when the thief came to confront the landlady, he accidentally killed the landlord. The theme of the play could be about the dominance of the higher class over the lower classes. As one of the plays characters puts it And so for all the others. Locksmiths then bootmakers and other working folk and all the agriculturals and even the gentry they live for the be tter manEach thinks es livin fer imself, yet it turns out its fer that better man. All of them who live in the depths and all the other workers seem to believe that they are accompaniment for themselves. What they dont realize is that they are living to work and feed the bourgeoisie. And aside from this, the fact that the characters came from different field means that the bourgeoisie could control all aspects of the culture. To sum up, the play is a depiction of how the bourgeoisie rule the society. And the fact that the society puts the label to people shows how powerful it could affect other peoples lives.

Into A Police State Essay

Introduction In a time when WW2 had just finished, mess were worried that communism might spread around the domain, and the overall scariness of the changing piece around, George Orwell wrote a dystopian novel, set in the future, in a world that changes the past to suit the needs ofcalled 1984. Orwells novel has been written to make his sense of hearing challenge the values that chip in been presented in the novel. The values of freedom and truth and an lieu of bop have been used to make us challenge the course we think of these things.1984 is a novel in which the world has been transformed into a society in which a group called the Party can watch either persons moves at any time of the day. 1984 manipulates the society into believing everything they say. George Orwells masterpiece makes the audience challenge the values and attitudes of the novel. Values of freedom, privacy and trust. Attitudes of anger, and have intercourse. BP1 1984 makes the audience challenge the val ue of freedom. What is freedom Freedom is the freedom to say that two plus two make four. If that is granted, all else quest fors.This quote shows that the Party controls the world so much that they have the power to change the answer for 2+2=4 to 2+2=5 (or any other number). That the choice for adult male lay between freedom and happiness, and that, for the great bulk of mankind, happiness was better. This quote shows that people in the world of Oceania have a choice of freedom or happiness. Because most people know the consequences of having freedom, they choose the safe option and have happiness in the Party. This leads into the next quote To die hating them, that was freedom.If you atomic number 18 with the Party, you will have happiness (previous quote) and if you ar against them, you will have the freedom to speak out against the Party. But this means that you must die, because almost all of the haters of the Party will trace caught even offtually and shot or killed. Bec ause the world that people live in has been manipulated so that people do not have freedom, we as the audience are challenged with the moral of freedom and what it means having it. BP2 Orwells setting in 1984 also makes us challenge the values of truth.thither was truth and there was untruth, and if you clung to the truth even against the whole world, you were not mad. This is saying that the people of Oceania know their own truths, and every angiotensin converting enzyme has an opinion as to what is the truth and what is not. But people are forced to believe in a truth that is untrue when they know a truth which is true. Thus people have two truths to believe or know in. The people who follow the Party and respect them will believe in the untruth and forget the touchable truth, and the people who are against the Party will know their truth which is the truth.So the people who are against the Party are the sane ones. If all records told the same tale then the lie passed into histo ry and became truth. This is saying that if all of the novels in the world said the same things, this would make the truth. And if one thing was different from a book/magazine etc. then the Party would change it so it would become the truth. It is like saying if 10 books said that WW1 did not occur, and another book did, the Party would get that one book and change it so that it would say that WW1 did not occur.If everything in the world said that something happened, then the lie would pass into history and would become the truth. Whatever the party holds to be truth, is truth. It is impossible to catch out reality withdraw by looking through the eyes of the Party. This is saying that everything the Party says is the truth and that everyone should listen to it. If you dont listen to the truth, then you cant see the reality of what the world is. If you want to understand the world, then you must be with the Party. The world is a blur without them.These quotes show how the Party ha s manipulated the truth so that the finished super state believes every word they say. By doing this everyone will do what they want. However some people are already thinking against the Party and they are the sane ones but they will be the ones that will most likely die. BP3 * Orwell also challenges the audience with his dystopian society with the attitude of love. The old civilizations claimed that they were founded on love or justice. Ours is founded upon hatred. This is saying that the entire world is based around hatred.This can be backed up with the two minutes hate and the hatred that people have for the Party. * There will be no loyalty, except loyalty towards the Party. There will be no love, except the love of Big Brother. There will be no laughter, except the laugh of triumph over a defeated enemy. There will be no art, no literature, no science. 1984s society has been challenged in a authority that no love ever exists. People are not allowed to love another person. The only way that people are allowed to marry is so that they can produce for the Party.They only believe in the Party and listen to what they tell people to do. Nothing exists any longer except that Party and everything that they do. Confession is not betrayal. What you say or do doesnt matter only feelings matter. If they could make me stop loving you-that would be the real betrayal. This is saying that the only way that people in Oceania can stop loving someone is if that Party brainwash them so that they wont love them anymore. That is the only way that people can betray someone. Never again will you be capable of ordinary human feeling.Everything will be inanimate inside you. Never again will you be capable of love, or friendship, or joy of living, or laughter, or curiosity, or courage, or integrity. You will be hollow. We shall squeeze you empty and then we shall fill you with ourselves. This quote is saying that the society of 1984 has no feeling for anything. Everyone is stra ight faced and just does what the Party want them to do. The line of products Never again will you be capable of love just says that the world can become a world has place of hatred for one another.This definitely challenges the audiences on love. This novel has very little love in it and it makes us challenge what love actually is and why it is such a specific thing for us as humans to have. CONCLUSION These points that have been made so that the audience of 1984 challenges their values and attitudes. The novel explores the values of truth and freedom and the attitude of love. We see that after reading the novel how much we value these things in our world and that we should be grateful for what we have in life.

Lady Macbeth is evil Essay

In my opinion, peeress Macbeth is portrayed by Shakespeare as an evil character, as she shows great ambition, she values power and wealth over merciful life, and she demonstrates cruelty throughout the play. Firstly, Lady Macbeths evil character is demo by the reckless ambition she shows. That no compunctious visitings of nature shake my fell purpose, nor persevere peace between the effect and it she states. This shows that Lady Macbeth is willing to do anything to accomplish her evil ambitions, even if it means that she has to ignore humankind compassion which includes her gender, as she wishes the strong drink to unsex her, to make her less like a women and more like a man. In that period of time, women were below men in society. Being able-bodied to have such thoughts as a woman under those circumstances at that time proves that Lady Macbeth is evil and her mind is filled with the lust for gritty ambition. Therefore, Lady Macbeths evilness drives out Macbeths ambition to b ecome king and murder Duncan. Addition onlyy, the way that Lady Macbeth values power over human life also shows her evil personality, when she says, Have plucked my nipple from his boneless gums and dashed the brains out.This tells us that she would rather kill her own newborn foil by bashing his brains out, than break her own promise. Women were meant to show a soft, feminine nature in society at that time, however uses such vivid imageries, showing how sharp-set she is for power, and how cruel and evil she is as a female human being. This quote also tells Macbeth that he is weak and less of a man if he is ineffective to follow through with their plan, when she would be willing to kill her own blood, which shows the sheer force of her character that leads to Macbeth follow what she says. Furthermore, Lady Macbeths evilness is also demonstrated by her inhumanity, as she says, Why did you bring these daggers from the place? They must lie there. Go carry them and smear the sleepy g rooms with blood. This shows that Lady Macbeth is only afraid of get caught, but not guilty about what she has done, in addition she wants to make it seem even worse by smearing the grooms with blood and passing the blame to desolate people. In this quote Lady Macbeth is scolding her husband for showing humanity and feeling frightened after performing a murder, which is a feeling that all normal people would have, as she finds this a cowardly behaviour, and this showsher cold-hearted and evil nature. In conclusion, Lady Macbeth personality is expressed through her large ambition, the way that she desires power, and her cold-bloodedness. Therefore, one thinks that Lady Macbeth is evil.

Basic Ecological Concept

Basic Ecological Concept Levels of Organization Cells- be composed of Cell Membrane, Nucleus and Protoplasm. Tissue-is an compendium of cells playacting a common function or functions. Organs- is the aggregation of tissues usu all(a) in ally functioning a definite shapes, and dischargeing a definite function within an organ system. Organ System-is a assembly of organs that perform coordinated functions together to substantiate the existence alive and functioning well. The scope of the biology includes the study of all these and may extend to the level of the organism such as behavior, and the organism mechanism for interacting with its environment.Ecology started from the study of the organism-a group of organisms that is similar in appearance, behavior and genetic make up belong to the same species. The biological species fantasy state that members of a species are those individual that are genetically related enough to be equal to interbreed and recruit fertile offspring . Population The group of the individuals belonging to one species and is found together in a define area at a certain time.A population possesses characteristics that more empirically make out the group such as population Density, Dispersion, Natality, Mortality, Growth, Age Distribution, and Reproductive potential. Population Density Describe the breaker point of crowdedness of a population in a condition area. Crude Density may be computed from the sum up of individuals or the total population biomass per unit space. Ecological or specific Density describes the number or biomass per unit of space that is actually available to the population. Dispersion The distribution of organisms over the space where they are found.Three standard have been observed clumped, random, and uniform. The clumped Distribution is the most common type of pattern since the soil or specialty on which organisms are found in nature are non uniform. Random Distribution is rarified in nature, occurring only where the soil is generally rich so that the plants can grow and thrive anywhere. identical Distribution is found in artificial cultivated areas. Natality/Morality Natality corresponds to what is termed in human as birth rate or the number of new individuals produced in the pupolation for a period of time.Morality is cognize as death rate in human demographics, or the number of deaths in a given time period. Growth Is an important feature of a population since the increases or decreases of population size determines its interaction with other populations in the community and its impact on the environment. Age Distribution Is classifies the population according to days brackets or to general age groups such as prereproductive, reproductive and postreproductive. Reproductive PotentialThe Reproductive potential of a population is its theoretical capacity to produce the maximum number of offspring in ideal conditions. community of interests The community has properties that m ay be used to further clarify its composition and its interaction with the environment. Like species dominance, diversity, copulation abundance, species richness and evenness. Dominance Is attained by a species in a community by moral excellence of a greater number of individuals, or by size such as the overwhelming sizes of redwood trees, or any other attribute that enables the species to control the community. DiversityDiversity is the opposite of dominance, a case where no wiz species has greater number or biomass or other relative importance than other species in the community. Ecosystem The sanctioned unit of ecology because it includes the living and nonliving components. The setting includes necessary nonliving components such as soil, water, air, and the rhythm method of birth controls that keep and renew them, which are collectively called the biogeo chemical cycles. Bioenergetics Energy is necessary for maintaining the life processes of organisms. The sun is the sour ce of all the efficiency that goes into the ecosystem. The solar ystem is radiated on to the earth where a tiny fraction of it is tapped by plants and used in photosynthesis. solar energy released in the form of light waves called photons. Herbivores are organism that feed on plants. Carnivores are organism that feed on other organism. Omnivores are organism that consume both plants and animals. Food Chain The season of consume and being eaten may be described by food chain. It also indicates the role, the feeding path and rank of each organism. Food Web A food mesh shows the various possibilities of the sequence of eating and being eaten in the ecosystem.There are two major types of food webs in the ecosystem the grazing food web is the more conspicuous type because it is usually composed of large plants and animals that are familiar. Law of Energy first base law of thermodynamics stated that energy is never created nor destroyed but is transformed from one form to another. split second law of thermodynamics states that as energy is transformed it degrades or diminishes. Biogeochemical Cycles Substances that organisms need to survive are called nutrients such as water, carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, and southward.Nutrients move through the ecosystem in cycles called biogeochemical cycles where bio refers to the living organism, geo refers to the inorganic molecules such as those found in rocks, air, and water, and chemical refers to the interactions of the elements between them. Water cycle Evaporation-the heat of the sun, or solar energy makes water vapor, which is water in gaseous form, continually rising from water bodies and from the land. Condensation-it brings water into the atmosphere where the water molecules clump together. Precipitation-the clumps get besides big and too heavy, they fall back down to the earth.In the form of rain, snow, hail or sleet. Water cycle is the movements of several chemical substances through the ecosystem. Carbon cycle -During photosynthesis plants use up carbon dioxide, combining it with water to form sugars particularly glucose. Consumption of these sugars breaks them down releasing CO2. Nitrogen Cycle-Nitrogen is an important component of proteins, the building block of all living matter. Fixation- the process of converting nitrogen from the gaseous state, N2 to the usable ammonia, NH3, and nitrate NO3.Mineralization or ammonification-involve the breakdown of dead organisms and their proteins and nucleic acids are further broken down into amino acids. Nitrification-where the bacteria such as the nitosomonas use ammonia to produce their energy needs by converting it. Denitrification- is the process by which nitrogen is returned to the atmosphere. Phosphorus cycle-the sedimentary rocks which contain phosphorus in the form of the mineral apatite comprise a pool phosphorus. Phosphorus is released when these rocks weather naturally, which takes along time, or when human mines these rocks to release phosphorus which is used to fertilizers soap.Sulfur cycle- a basically sedimentary nutrients cycles through air, soil and water. The sulfur cycle involves the three spheres as it cycle through the soil, waterway, and atmosphere. It originates from the crust and mantle of the earth and is spewed out during volcanic eruptions. It is found in the volcanic rocks and many minerals. Limiting Factors and the Law of Tolerance Law of the Minimum- states that when there is not enough of a certain nutrient in the environment, the growth of organism that needs that nutrient pass on be severely restrain.Studies also show that too much of any nutrient will in addition limit growth, giving rise to the Law of limiting Factors. Sunlight and Temperature are two important physical factors that limit the distribution and abundance of organism. Species Interactions The population of two species may affirmatively or negatively consider the existence of one another in the community. Mutualism- refe rs to the interaction between two species where both are benefited. Competition- is an representative of a positive negative interaction when two species of the same species strive to obtain the same limited resource.Predation- is an usage of a positive negative interaction wherein the predator eats the prey. Parasitism- is another type of positive negative interaction wherein the hosts provide nourishment to the parasite. Commensalism- is a form of positive zero interaction wherein in the commensal also referred to as hitchhiker attaches itself to the host while the host is neither help nor harmed by the interaction. Amensalism- is an example of a negative zero interaction wherein one organism is inhibited while the other is not affected.

General Translation Theories Essay

while not ein truth wizard who drives an automobile assist ats to understand the hypothesis behind the internal blaze engine, approximatelyone does need to do this theory. I whitethorn be fit to drive my Pontiac with forth some(prenominal) knowledge of internal combustion engines, until the Pontiac breaks down. Then, I essential find someone (presumably a mechanic) who does in fact know enough theory to get the Pontiac recreatening again. The same is true of rendition theory. It is not necessary for everyone to know displacement theory, nor is it yet necessary for pastors and teachers to know everything some translation theory.It is necessary for pastors and teachers in the Ameri bathroom church at the finis of the twentieth century to know something slightly translation theory, for two reasons. First, it leave behind affect the commission we witness the Bible for our throng. If we ar carry throughly unaw ar of translation theory, we may unwittingly mislead our br some otherwise(a)s and sisters in our projectation. Second, thither atomic military issue 18 so m both English translations available, that no modern pastor will be able to escape the inevitable marvels about which translations be superior.It is not my intention to provide eachthing like an exhaustive attachress to either translation theory or semantic theory (relax, Ill define this record later). Rather, I intend to discuss briefly the to a greater extent pregnant observations, which may be pulmonary tuberculosisful to the pastoral ministry. 1. communion has three parties. Translation theory shares a number of c erstrns with what is viridityly called communicating theory. Perhaps the most important observation which the communication theorists take a crap produced for translators is the recognition that every act of communication has three dimensions Speaker (or seed), Message, and Audience.The more(prenominal)(prenominal) we andtocks know about the sure author, the veritable gist produced by that author, and the original audience, the punter inform we will be with that particular act of communication. An awareness of this tri-partite character of communication screwing be very useful for voxs. Assuming that an act of communication is right now taking place, as you read what I wrote, there are three dimensions to this particular act of communication myself, and what I am intending to communicate the actual reciprocations which are on this page and what youunderstand me to be saying.When the three dimensions converge, the communication has been efficient. If we know, perhaps from some other source, what an individual authors tidy sum are, this may suspensor us understand the actual message produced. Martin Luther King, Jr. s Letters from Prison are better understood by someone who knows the circumstances under which they were written rather than by someone who is oblivious to mid-20th century Ameri sess history. If we k now schooling about the authors audience, this may in like manner help us to understand the message itself. buns Kennedys famous, Ich bin ein Berliner speech is better understood if one understands the apprehensions which many West German citizens had about American foreign policy during the early 1960s (and, knowing the audience was German may help explain why he did not speak this sentence in English ). Recognizing that in annoy to the message itself, there are the two other components of author and audience, the interpreter attempts to unc all over as oft successions information as possible about the author and audience.This is why scriptural scholars spend so more time attempting to locate the circumstances of a given epistle they are trying to discover information about author and audience, which will help complete the understanding of the particular act of communication represented by the message. At this point, an important warning needs to be expressed. For students of literature whose original audience and author are not present (i. e. , dead), we scarcely realise direct access to one of the three parties in the communicative process the message itself.Whereas we would be profited by having direct access to author and audience (capital of Minnesota, what in the human universe did you average about baptizing for the dead? or, How did it hit you Galatians when Paul said he wished his troublers would castrate themselves? ), it would be ill-judged to suggest that we must direct such access for any understanding to take place. Frequently one encounters the extravagant statement to the effect that one cannot understand a biblical book unless one understands the authors (or audiences) circumstances.The problem with such statements is that they imply that we can project no understanding without access to information which simply does not always exist. We harbort any idea who wrote the epistle to the Hebrews, or why, other than what may be ind icated in the letter itself. Does this mean that we cant understand it in any sense? I think not. We conscionable founder to recognize that information, which would assist the act of interpretation, is, in this gaffe, missing. connect to this warning is a second.For Protestants, scripture itself is authoritative. Our reconstructions, often highly conjectural of the historical circumstances under which a given biblical work was written and read, are not authoritative, by my understanding of Protestant deity. Those reconstructions may assist our understanding of the biblical text, only they are not, in and of themselves, of any religious authority. Finally, we might add that the essential error of many exegetical theories is their exclusion of one or more of these three parties from consideration. season many important debates are continuing to influence interpretive theory, our evaluation of these debates would do well to wait a role for each of the three above-mentioned dimen sions. 2. Formal and Dynamic Equivalence unrivaled of the on-going debates about translations revolves around the question of whether, and in what pointedness, the translation should reflect the syntax, or form, of the original language. All translators take hold that the translation should reflect faithfully the message of the original, solely all are not agreed on whether the translation should adhere closely to the grammatical forms of the original language.Translations can be located on a spectrum, which would postulate, at one extreme, rigid adherence to the form of the original language ( conventional comparison), and at the other extreme, complete disregard for the form (not the message) of the original language (dynamic comparability). An interlinear would come the closest to the first extreme, followed by the NASB. At the other extreme would be the NEB and TEV. In between would be the RSV and NIV, with the RSV leaning more toward a formal equivalence, and the NIV lea ning more toward a dynamic equivalence.It is probably fair to say that most contemporary linguists favor the dynamic equivalence approach in theory, though they might be disappointed in the various attempts at producing one. The reason for preferring to reproduce the thought of the original without attempting to conform to its form is that all languages be in possession of their own syntax. While the syntax of one language may be similar to the syntax of other languages, it is also dissimilar as well. Thus, if we attempt to adhere to the formal syntax of another(prenominal) language, we reproduce forms which are abnormal or confusing, if not downright distracting in the target language.For example, Hellenic tends to have very considerable sentences, whose various clauses are arranged in a logically hierarchical fashion. That is, there will be a number of dependent clauses connected to an independent clause. This type of sentence structure, dead normal in Greek, is called hypota ctic (clauses are arranged logically under one another). English, by contrast, is not so well-off with eagle-eyed sentences, and does not provide any simplified way of indicating which clauses are dependent upon others.Our sentence structure is called paratactic (clauses are arranged logically alongside of one another). If we attempt to reproduce, in English, sentences of the same length as the Greek original, our audience will not be able to follow our translation. Ephesians 13-14, for instance, is one sentence in Greek, with well-defined subordinate clauses. If we attempt to reproduce a sentence of this length in English, the result will be so awkward that few, if any, English reviewers would be able to follow it. Consequently, translators must break the eternal Greek sentences into shorter English sentences.For the pastor and teacher, it is important to be able to recognize the hypotactic structure of the original language, because it is frequently of theological and ethical significance. For instance, there is only one imperative (independent clause) in the Great Commission take a leak disciples. All the other verbs are dependent. The other clauses help to describe what the commandment substance. Most English translations, however, bedim this matter by translating the Great Commission as though it were a string of equivalent imperatives.Whats worse, they tend to treat one of the dependent clauses as though it were the major (independent) clause (Go). So the teacher or pastor needs to be able to understand what is going on in the structure of the original language, without necessarily trying to reproduce it in an English translation. There are other differences between the two languages. Greek typically uses passive verbs English prefers active verbs. Greek typically makes nouns out of verbs (making redemption as public as redeem). Speakers of English are not as comfortable with these abstractions we are happier with verbs.A dynamic equivalence tr anslation will commonly reproduce the center of the Greek in a more natural manner in English. In 2 Thess 213, for instance, pistei aletheias, is translated popular opinion in the truth (formal equivalence) by the RSV, simply the truth that you believe (dynamic equivalence) by the NEB. The latter, while not any more accurate than the former, is a little more natural, and thus more easily understood. A clear example of the difference between English and Greek syntax is evidenced by the difference in their respective employment of the participle. First, the Greek participle is much more common than the English. entirely the Greek participle is also apply differently than the English participle. Greek commonly employs the participle in an attributive fashion, as a verbal adjective. This is very rare in English. James Taylor does sing about the The Walking Man, but this is rare outside of artistic expression. We would normally produce a relative clause, the man who walks. Becaus e of the differences in the way the two languages use their respective participles, we simply cannot translate a Greek participle with an English participle in many cases, without being obscure or ambiguous.Dikaiothentes in Romans 51 should not be translated, having been justified (NASB formal equivalence), but, since we are justified (RSV dynamic equivalence). There are problems, however, with dynamic equivalence translations. Since the translator is freer from the grammatical forms of the original language he is more likely to exceed the bounds of an accurate translation, in an effort to speak naturally in the native language. That is, the dynamic equivalence translations are capable of being more natural and more punctilious than are formal equivalence translations, but they are also more capable of being critically wrong.For instance, in Romans 83, Paul uses the phrase dia tes sarkos. A formal equivalent translation, the RSV, renders this by the flesh, which is faithful to the original but somewhat ambiguous in English. The NIV renders this much more precisely, by the phrase, by the sinful nature. Unfortunately, the NIV is precisely wrong here, because Paul is not talking about a lower nature, or a sinful nature at all. In fact, he is not utterance anthropologically, but redemptive-historically.In this particular case, I believe we would be better off with the ambiguous flesh, and have to ask what, flesh means for Paul, than to have the more precise but utterly un-Pauline sinful nature. another(prenominal) problem associated with dynamic equivalence translations is link to their use as instruction Bibles. Since a given newsworthiness may have a number of meanings, it is frequently impossible, and more frequently confusing, to attempt to translate a given Greek word with the same English word in every case. Consequently, the dynamic equivalence translation can give a morespecific rendering in English, being unbound by an attempt to reproduce the sa me Greek word in the same English manner. This produces better understanding, frequently, of individual sentences or clauses. However, it does not permit the English reader to know when the same Greek word lay behind two different English words. Since the only way to know what a word means is by first examining its full range of uses, there is no way for the English reader to know what words are behind the English words found.For instance, when Paul says he could not channelise the Corinthians as pneumatikoi, but rather as sarkinoi (1 Cor 3), he employs the adjectival forms of what we normally translate Spirit and flesh. And, in Romans 8 (as well as elsewhere), it is clear that brio in the Spirit is redeemed life whereas life in the flesh is unredeemed life. If the adjectives in 1 Cor are translated spiritual, and fleshly, the reader can see the correspondence to other Pauline passages, and understand that Paul is saying, in effect, I could not address you as redeemed people, b ut as unredeemed people. But the NIV construes sarx as sinful nature in Rom 8, and sarkinos as worldly in 1 Cor 3, with the result that the reader of this translation is not aware that in the original the same go down form was employed. The conclusion of this is that the dynamic equivalence translation, when done well, renders in more precise and more vivid English particular expressions. However, it makes it more tall(prenominal) to compare individual passages with parallel passages elsewhere. In any given congregation, a salmagundi of translations will be present.The teachers in the church must have the competence to discern which one represents the original most accurately in English in any circumstance. In my judgment, none of the contemporary translations is manifestly superior to the others. Each is a blend of strengths and weaknesses, due to the hassle of the task. From the pulpit, of course, some versions can be excluded rather easily. Paraphrases, while useful to illustr ate a point, should never be used as the basic speaking text, because they reflect so thoroughly the opinions of the paraphraser.Also, childrens Bibles, such as the Good News, and, to a lesser degree, the NIV should not be used as the basis of a sermon directed toward the wide congregation. The NASB should not be used, simply because its English is atrocious. Its rigid adherence to the formal equivalence principle, while making it highly useful in the study, renders it completely inappropriate in a scene where communication is important. The NIV should not be used from the pulpit, in my judgment, because it is a sectarian translation.It is a self-confessedly evangelical translation, which excluded non-evangelicals from the translation process. It is therefore ecclesiastically unacceptable (it excludes from the outset people who dont call themselves evangelical, just as the Kingdom Translation excludes people who dont call themselves Jehovahs Witnesses). In fact, even off for stu dy purposes, one will have to be cautious about the evangelical bias reflected in this translation, whereby the weaknesses, as well as the strengths, of evangelicalism have not been offset by a more inclusive committee.Specifically, the NIV shows many signs of being individualistic, experientialist, and revivalistic (I am speaking about the NIV New Testament I havent evaluated the NIV Old Testament thoroughly yet). At the same time, the NIV ought to be in the ministers study because it is a good illustration of the demands of a dynamic equivalence translation, and it is also very no-hit at many points. The RSV, reflecting the breadth of the church, a high style of English, and a reasonably accurate archetype of the original text, is perhaps the preferred text for pulpit use.3.Translation is a theological task It has go bad increasingly clear that translation cannot really be performed in a theological vacuum. When a conversion of linguistic options present themselves, theologica l factors can influence the decision to choose one option over the other. In fact, such factors should influence the translation. The resolution of the translation question about how to translate telos in Romans 104 is resolved in large part by resolving larger questions about Pauls theology how he understands the relation between the older testament and the Christ event, etc.Since theology is to be determinusined by the Bible, and since translating the Bible is determined, at least in part, by theological considerations, it is easy to see that there is something of a circle here. Fortunately, it is not a vicious cycle, because if one is willing to make sympathetically a variety of options, one can grow in the confidence with which one evaluates a given translation. One must never pretend, however, that translation is a stones throw of pre-exegesis or pre-interpretation. The first step of interpretation istranslation.This step will influence all other steps, so it must be approac hed with the entire arsenal of theological tools. Semantic Theory It is appropriate now to move to some consideration of traffic with the meaning of individual words (commonly called lexical semantics). A lexicon in the hands of an over-imaginative lectureer may be the deadliest of all human instruments. In terms of sheer percentages, more pulpit nonsense may be attributable to a misunderstanding of how words communicate meaning than any other interpretive error.Since the technological study of linguistics began in the early nineteenth century, a number of very valuable insights have been discovered by the linguists. What follows is an attempt at providing some of their most useful insights for those who want to teach and preach faithfully. 1. Semantic Field and Context Most words can mean a number of things. relegate the English word, array. It can appear in the following (and many more) contexts The athlete is trial. Her nose is ravel. We scored a run in the sixth inning. I have a run in my stocking. Does your car run? My estimator runs on Windows.For how long is the movie running? You want to run that by me again? His sermons seem to run on forever. Shes running the flag up the pole. Jackson is running for President. Who left the water running? Enough, already. It is obvious that most words can mean a number of different things. How do we know what a word means in a given circumstance? Well, we dont just choose the one we prefer. In fact there are two components to meaning semantic correction and semantic context. By semantic field, we mean the full range of ways the word has and can be used (an example is the above, partial semantic field for run).By examining the field of possible meanings, we let down to narrow the options. Normally, there are still too many options, so we have to take another step. The second step is to determine the semantic context. If run, for instance, can refer to rapid, bipedal loco interrogative sentence in some contex ts, we can eliminate that option in contexts where there are no legs or feet. If run can mean flow, or drip, it is a possible way of understanding it where noses and faucets appear, but not where liquids do not appear.In everyday speech, we do this kind of comparison to semantic context so rapidly and unreflectively that we are not normally aware of doing it. But we do it nevertheless, and normally with great accuracy. It is imperative that we do this with biblical literature as well. No word brings its full semantic field with it into any given context. in time many fanciful pulpit statements are due to the attempt to do this very thing. 2. Root Meanings umteen people speak of root meanings. Many people speak of ghosts. Neither exists.Apparently, when people speak of root meanings of words, they are attempting to find the distilled essence, or the common semantic range of the word in each of its contexts. This may, by dumb luck, work in some circumstances, but it wont work in mo st. What common root meaning is there in the word run which can account for the variety of uses listed above? Is it motion? Perhaps, for the athlete, the flag, even the nose (which doesnt move itself, but its mental abilitys do). But is there any motion involved in the statement that a person is running for an office?Is any motion taking place when a movie runs for six weeks? Is a run in a stocking a movement of some sort? I fail to see how there is, without redefining the word motion to implicate virtually everything. And if we do this, then we arent learning anything specific about the term in question (This is the practical deficiency of the Componential Analysis approach to Semantics if one finds an element common enough to be related to all the various uses, it isnt specific enough to be any real help in any given context). In actual fact, we dont really know why people use terms in such a broad range of ways as they do.But the answer surely doesnt lie in the fact of some al leged root meaning, common to all uses. Thus, for interpretations sake, it is better not to speak of root meanings at all. Just look at the entire semantic field, and then limit that field by the contextual considerations. This doesnt mean that there are no similarities in the variety of a terms uses. If we return to run, we can determine several sub-field. We can see run used of liquids, to indicate they are flowing. We can see run used with machines to indicate that they are operating as they should.We can see it used in reference to putting one foot ahead of another repeatedly, in rapid succession, which would savvy the athlete, and, by extension, the runs in a baseball game (which are a short-hand reference to someone running around the bases). But these fields do not appear to be related to each other, and worse, these fields do not account for the stocking or the flag. Perhaps we ought to just bring root meanings out once a year, on October 31st, and then put them back for th e rest of the year. 3. Etymologies and Semantic Change Etymology is a perfectly valid field of study.Etymology is the study of the history of a words usage. It has the historical benefit of demonstrating to us what a word might have meant in a given period. One thing etymologists have discovered, of course, is that words change over time. That is, people apparently use terms in an increasing variety of ways, extending known usages, and coining new usages. Thus, the history of a words usage is not necessarily any help in determining its meaning in a particular context. And certainly it is not the case that the earliest known meaning is the true, real, or, need I say it, root meaning.Gay, for instance, might well have meant happy or carefree in certain places in certain times. It most emphatically does not mean that today in San Francisco. Do not be misled a happy hour at a gay bar may be a very miserable experience for a heterosexual teetotaler. The biblical interpreter is not partic ularly interested in what a term may have meant several centuries prior to the time in question. Rather, the biblical interpreter wants to know what range of meaning a term had in the period in question. Etymology is not particularly helpful as a guide to the meaning of a term in any given context.Semantic context is the more reliable guide. 4. Polyvalency You may run across (oops, another use of run) this term from time to time, so you may as well know what it means. Polyvalency refers to the ability of a given term to have a number of meanings in any given historical period. Run is polyvalent. It is important for the interpreter to be aware of the full range of possible meanings of a given word, before determining what it means in its given context. 5. Words and Concepts For the sake of clarity, it is helpful to distinguish between a word and a concept.Most words can be employed to denote a number of concepts, and most concepts can be addressed by using a range of terms. Thus, cha ris is a word grace is a concept which can be labeled in a variety of ways. So, if you want to study, The Grace of graven image in the New Testament, you would certainly include not only a word study of charis, but also passages which refer to Gods gracious activity without employing that particular term. For instance, the parable of the laborers in the vineyard reflects Gods gracious character, as those who come along late in the day adopt equal recompense with those who have labored all day.God graciously gives the kingdom not only to the Jews, but also to the Gentiles, who come on the scene a bit late, redemptive-historically speaking. 6. Semantic Minimalism One of the best axioms to apply when attempting to discover the meaning of any given word was first coined by Ferdinand de de Saussure and his followers. The best meaning of a given term is the meaning which contributes the least to the overall meaning of the sentence. In most communication acts, we do not load up a given w ord with a lot of meaning.Rather, we speak in paragraphs and sentences the individual words have little meaning in and of themselves, but much meaning when tied to one another. Many seminarians and preachers seem to be unaware of this, for they frequently interpret the Bible as though its individual words were almost magical, possessing great truths and mysteries in six or seven letters. There are very few technical terms in any language, which are more heavily loaded than most words. Concluding Observations If one were to state briefly the results of linguistic study in the last few generations, one would certainly have to refer to the importance of context.Linguistics has do us repeatedly aware of the fact that the fundamental communicative unit is the sentence, not the word. Individual words, removed from the context of a sentence, rarely communicate effectively. Words strung together, mutually supporting and interpreting one another, can communicate very effectively. For bibl ical students, this means that we must look at the larger unites of communication (the sentence and paragraph) at least as seriously as we look at individual words. We must be aware of the fact that a given word can signify a number of different things in a number of different contexts.Personally, I would like to see more sermons on whole chapters of scripture, and even on entire books, and fewer sermons on a verse here or there. If a person can produce a single 20-minute distillation of Romans 1-11, he can certainly handle Romans 63 when it shows up. If the contextual emphasis of contemporary linguistics can help us see the forest of a biblical book, as opposed to merely the trees of individual words, it will have done us and Gods kingdom a great service. ________________________________________ Dr. T.David Gordon, a native of Richmond, VA, is shortly Professor of Religion and Greek at Grove City College in Grove City, PA, where he has served since 1999. Previously, he had taught f or thirteen years at Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary. ________________________________________ TRANSLATION METHODS WORD FOR WORD translation The SL word hunting lodge is preserved and the words translated by their most common meanings. Cultural words are translated literally. The main use of this method is either to understand the mechanics of the source language or to construe a difficult text as pre-translation process. LITERAL translation The SL grammatical constructions are converted to their nearest TL equivalents but the lexical items are again translated out of context. As pre-translation process, it indicates problems to be solved. FAITHFUL translation It attempts to reproduce the precise contextual meaning of the original within the constraints of the TL grammatical structures. It transfers cultural words and preserves the degree of grammatical and lexical deviation from SL norms. It attempts to be completely faithful to the intentions and the text-realisation of the SL writer. SEMANTIC translation It differs from faithful translation only in as far as it must take more account of the esthetical value of the SL text, compromising on meaning where appropriate so that no assonance, word play or repetition jars in the finished version. It does not rely on cultural equivalence and makes very splendid concessions to the readership. While faithful translation is dogmatic, semantic translation is more flexible. COMMUNICATIVE translation It attempts to render the ask contextual meaning of the original in such a way that both language and content are readily acceptable and comprehensible to the readership.IDIOMATIC translation It reproduces the message of the original but tends to colorise nuances of meaning by preferring colloquialisms and idioms. FREE translation It reproduces the matter without the manner, or the content without the form of the original. Usually it is a paraphrase much longer than the original. ADAPTATION This is the freest fo rm of translation mainly used for plays and poetry themes, characters, plots preserved, SL conclusion converted to TL culture and text is rewritten. From A Textbook of Translation by P. Newmark