The Use Of Ict In The Airline Industry Tourism Essay

The Use Of Ict In The air duct labor Tourism EssayAbstractThis essay throws light on the use of ICT in the air hose sedulousness and what impacts developments in ICT nominate make on the said industry. The essay highlights the role of ICTs in enhancing airlines capability to move with clients, reducing the working(a) cost, increasing the convenience for making reservations, managing air traffic, administering the corporation and airport mental faculty, up the passengers in-flight experience, maximizing airlines revenue by variable fares, improving security standards, promoting partnerships and entirelyiances among airlines, integrating value added go. It has been argued that automation growings efficiency but military personnel factor out is yet very important in personifying the guest experience. creative activity to the air passage patienceAn airline postdate throughs air transport serve wells for passengers and/or freight. Commercial operations of airlines date back to early 1900s, however, evidence of increase in operations is found afterWorld War I. oer the years, airline as an industry has grown tremendously. It has facilitated economic growth, world trade, international investment, tourism and has played a significant role in globalisation of industries.Full- receipts airlines pass water a high level of fixed and operating costs in order to establish and maintain air service labor, fuel, airplanes, engines, spares and parts, IT services and networks, airport equipment, airport handling services, sales distribution, catering, training,aviation insurance etc. Keeping in view such high costs and multifactorial nature of operations, it is essential for airline companies to take advantage of ICTs to carry show up operations smoothly and optimize expenses.Use of ICT in the Airline IndustryTechnology is dramatic everyy and profoundly changing the nature of services. Technology is besides profoundly changing how services are delivered , and it is enabling both customers and employees to work over and provide better, more efficient, customized services. These changes have significant implications for managing service operations as well as for predicting and managing consumer behavior.Impact of Developments of ICT on Operations of Airline IndustryIn the text below, major operations of the airline and airports have been discussed. It has been study that how the developments in the ICT have impacted the processes of the said industry. The developments in the ICT have significantly influenced the way Airlines act with customer, develop loyalty programmes and implement customer retentiveness strategies. Few developments to call down the passengers in-flight experience have besides been made.Interaction with clientsThe proliferation of earnings and World Wide Web has made it enormously convenient for the organizations to interact with their customers. Internet has provided a very economical way of interacting with customers, has reduced distribution costs, and has increased the profit margin by direct selling. Internet has also served as a purveyor of randomness about spectre off. Carriers everywhere have embraced online tag sales as a means of reducing distribution costs. Travelers straightaway have the opportunity and convenience to compare determine and service offerings of all airlines quickly and efficiently, and to act on those comparisons instantly with only a few keystrokes.McIvor et al. ( two hundred3), present analysis of four airline companies and their use of internet to provide innovative interaction and transactional mechanisms with customers. They state that internet has increased the expectations of customers for the services and service delivery. In fact, the internet has bring essential to the strategic development of the airline companies. They further argue that the scope and boundaries of the airline industry have become less clear as a result of the adoption of internet technologies at the customer interface. The offering of a range of products and services is creating industry convergence. Exploitation of the internet at the customer interface has become a key catalyst in the transformation of the airline industry.In the past, airlines have been selling their product (i.e. an airline seat) through travel agents. The travel agents combative position was based on exploiting the information insufficiency at the customer end. However, in a flashadays, the website of the Airline makes customer autonomous to decide on the fares, routes and various services associated. The internet enables airlines to build a direct and superior kinship with customers.In this era, the airlines site support complete automation of the booking process and limits the get for human intervention. Airlines are extensively investing and utilizing the Internet to further deprave the travel agents which has also resulted in meliorated process efficiency. Furtherm ore, removal of the travel agent layer has reduced transaction costs and has enhanced the relationship with customer through the provision of more detailed and up-to-date information.Customer Retention and Airline Loyalty ProgrammesThe cost of developing a unused customer is several times higher than the cost of keeping an lively customer. With the increasingly fierce market competition, companies would like to retain their existing customers as overmuch as possible. Fan (2007), state that competition has changed gradually from price of products and services to grasping customers. Only those companies that can more precisely pick up customers removes, more quickly respond to the changing needs and can improve customer satisfaction and loyalty can win the competition. Customer alliance Management (CRM) has become peculiar(a)ly important in this age. Data digging engineering science, as the founding base of CRM, can help the airlines to effectively pose valuable information a bout passengers from extensive information available in their informationbases, which is essential for making strategic marketing decisions.McIvor (2003), state that through modern Information Systems available now, it has become possible to automatically inform staff about customer preferences such as aisle seats or in-flight entertainment. Previously, such information may have been collected but not used to enhance the needs of their most profitable customers.CRM and Data mine allow companies to target groups effectively, and allocate marketing resources to best effect. As is shown in 80/20 rule, 80% of sales of a company come from 20% of its clients, it is essential to conduct customer segmentation and find those 20% of high-value customers. Zhang and Chen (2009), state that in order to better ensure keep profitability it is necessary to keep customer satisfied. Through a lot of accumulation of data on passenger satisfaction surveys, using data mining technology such as prin cipal component analysis, factor analysis to identify the main influencing factors of passenger satisfaction, as well as the relative importance of various factors can help airlines make improvements, enhance the overall customer service levels and the competitiveness of companies.McIvor et al. (2003), further state that Airline loyalty programmes have been the major means of keeping customers to a particular airline. Airline loyalty programmes provide significant value to customers. Airlines are now associating their Loyalty Programmes with the complementary products and services such as car rentals and hotel accommodations. In fact, the airlines are attempting to create a one-stop shopping experience for the customer with all the required travel products and services available on-line. With the provision of these complementary services, airlines have enhanced value of the core service.It is, therefore, very important to take just advantage of the data mining and other modern info rmation technology to identify the valuable information about the customers buying pattern and choices and extension them in timely fashion to provide more personalized service which will ultimately improve passenger satisfaction and loyalty.Operations and vexation IntelligenceNegash and Gray (2008), discuss the case of Continental Airlines. They state it as the seventh largest airline in the world with 2300 daily flights to over 200 destinations. An airline, as big as this, and requiring decisions about each take-off and landing, each passengers fare, fundament operations, detecting fraud, security and customer relations, need for a ICT based brainy business model was indispensable.In 1998 they implemented a real time data warehouse and began their climb to existence a top airline. For example, they integrated customer information, finance, flight information, seat inventory, and security to improve revenue. The warehouse data also allowed them to spot travel agent fraud.They m oved forward from there to real-time applications. For example, they began using optimization techniques to design fares based on current demand they gave their gate agents and flight attendants details on customer experiences on introductory flight segments and flights if a connecting flight was late, they used dashboard displays so their high-value customers would be helped in making connections for themselves and for their baggage.To make all this work, Continental built an 8 terabyte real-time data warehouse (called an operational data monetary fund or ODS) that coordinated 25 internal and two external operational systems. These systems include both Web and desktop BI.In-flight EntertainmentThe advancement in technology has enabled Airlines to enhance the passengers travelling experience. Back in early 1920s, Aeromarine Airways pioneered in the digital entertainment of passengers by showing a movie during the flight. Since then, digital technologies have evolved from single sh ared screen to individual screens offering categorization of infotainment stuff such as movies, games, news, flight information, weather information etc.Furthermore, as reported by Nelson (2010), in-flight WiFi internet admission fee was made available to passenger in 2008 by American Airlines after the test in 2005. The capability of providing internet facility during the flight has phenomenal impacts and lets the passenger stay in touch with the world even on the go.SecurityFutureAs discussed in essay, opportunity for in-flight WiFi approaching still exists. Few major airlines, likeAmerican Airlines, have already provided this facility on certain airlines. Provision of the internet and staying in touch during the hugeer hours travel will have considerable implications and will be great source of providing competitive edge.Furthermore, reported by HotHardware, BlueBox Avionics is aiming to integrate iPad into their nigh in-flight entertainment solution. Whether or not they int egrate the iPad to the back of the passengers seat, distributing the iPad among the passengers during a long flight will certainly enhance the passengers experience. iPad certainly provides a much richer entertainment as compared to currently installed display screens.ConclusionThe evidence presented in this article has illustrated how the Internet represents a powerful technology for commerce and communion between customers and airline companies. The Internet clearly enables the customer to move from being a passive participant to that of being proactive and more civilise in their relationship with airlines.

Identity Theft And Phishing As Cybercrimes Criminology Essay

Identity theft And Phishing As Cybercrimes Criminology EssayCybercrimes layabout be defined as execrable activities which hold in place or occur at bottom cyberspace. These crimes ar common and ever increasing as cyber poisonouss continue to find mod ways of taking advantage of unguarded internet expendrs (Mitchell, 2010). A frequently practiced form of cybercrime includes identity theft, which is the map up of an individuals private details without their know conductge or approval (Ombuds while for Banking Services, 2009). This essay result discuss phishing as a form of identity theft with the use of various articles as examples to enhance the understanding of identity theft and phishing as cybercrimes. In humanitarian, a criminological theory will be apply to identity theft in order to gain further penetration into this particular cybercrime.Defining CybercrimeCybercrime is used generally to describe a diverseness of illegal offences of which only a few are specific ally associated with data processors and the tele communication theory theme that supports their use. This specific crime type involves the utilization of digital technologies in the depute of the offence or is specifically directed at computing and communications technologies, or is incidental to the commission of other crimes (Smith et al. 20047).Identity theft and phishing feces be draw as forms of cybercriminal activity. These crimes are defined as hybrid crimes. Hybrid crimes are those which grass exist online as well as offline. Specifically, these crimes work with the worldwide scope that cyber environments provide (Muncie et al. 201077).Currently, cybercrime is an extremely remunerative melodic line and will no doubt continue to be for a real long clip. The main reason for this is because umteen people are non cognisant of how rife it is and of how susceptible they are to the threat of this crime. The best accomplishable way that consumers and corporations can protect themselves from cybercrimes and cybercriminal activity is to alert themselves and those around them with the use of awareness campaigns and overly, people should make sure that their systems are protected with Anti-Malware and Anti-Virus software kits which have precise virus definition and regular software updates to authorise the risk of being under threat of cybercriminal activity (Microz singleg, 2009).Identity TheftIdentity theft is defined as a crime that happens when soulfulness wrongfully gains access to and uses the personal learning of a nonher individual in a way that involves fraud or dishonesty. Usually, this crime is carried out in order to gain access to an individuals personal coin. Victims of identity theft usually last aware when they note that they are frequently being supercharged for items that they never purchased, or when they realise that there has been an initiation of a new credit government note after viewing their credit reports (Jasp er, 20061).Annually, 10 trillion consumers are the victims of identity theft. There are many a(prenominal) ways in which cybercriminals can obtain an individuals personal information, and these are generally very vigorously disguised. Criminals can intercept personal information that is freely shared everywhere the Internet and can also easily obtain information such(prenominal) as the victims bill details by emailing them and falsely acting as their bank (Jasper, 20061-3).Because of the fact that individuals are so afraid that they will fall prey to cybercriminals, at beats they do not think rationally when asked for their personal details. When provided the chance of being able to protect themselves, individuals will willingly give all the details wishinged if the bank requires them to do so. Thus, cybercriminals do not find it immensely difficult to obtain all the undecomposed information that they need.Some examples of identity theft crimes are the run-up of be on the v ictims credit cards, opening a new credit card account making use of the victims name, birth date and social surety number, establishing a telephone or wireless facility using the victims name, opening a bank account and writing bad cheques on the account and obtaining employment by making use of the victims personal identity (Jasper, 20063-4).Phishing as a CybercrimePhishing is a form of identity theft which includes the deceitful attempt to gain the personal details of an individual with the use of text messages and emails. The criminal will act as the victims bank, for example, and will request personal information from the consumer (such as the PIN number) in order to gain access to the currency in the account. (Ramsamy, 2009)As explained before, the consumer makes it easy for the cybercriminal to gain access to their personal funds and resources as they are so adamant on keeping themselves preventive from cybercrime that they very readily give out their information without t hinking sensibly.Cases of Cybercrime over the days, cybercrime has become much more frequent in nature. These human faces can be found occurring throughout the world, and will probably continue to occur for a very long time as it is such a profitable business (microzoneg, 2009).Theft of Virtual CharactersIn the month of November 2009, a man was arrested for stealing virtual characters from a web based role-playing game. The man seemingly obtained the log-in information for Runescape, reportedly the worlds largest multi-player online game, to embezzle their virtual characters. The article, published in The times, states that the man who is from Avon and Somerset Area had already had a number of computing device mistreatment offences on his criminal record (Ahmed, 2009).These types of crimes do occur sooner practically, as a similar case occurred in the Netherlands in 2008. Reportedly, a multitude of fourteen and fifteen year olds were convicted for the assault of a fellow Rune scape player. The boys had jeopardize the player with a knife, pressuring him to give them a mask and an amulet within the game (Ahmed, 2009).Online gaming seems to be the cause of a lot of fresh violent behaviours amongst youth, and the stealing of virtual characters may not seem to be such a tremendous crime, but thinking of all the time and effort that has been put into creating that specific character, this crime shouldnt be, according to Mark Gerhard, the gaffer executive of Jagex Games, treated differently to the theft of any other invaluable possessions (Ahmed, 2009).Credit and Debit Card Information HackingsAnother case of cybercrime was highlighted in May 2008, when a Mr Albert Gonzalez was arrested for one of the largest hackings in all of US history. The computer hacker aided with the theft of tens of millions of credit card numbers from study retailers (AP, 2009). He is reportedly going to be spending between 17-25 years behind bars as a result of the seriousness o f this criminal offence.Gonzalez did, however, confirm that he had used a number of drugs and consumed large quantities of alcoholic drink preceding his arrest. He admitted to using various narcotics such as marijuana, lysergic acid diethylamide and cocaine and he has also been said to have behavioural patterns which are very consistent with that of Aspergers Syndrome, which is a form of autism (AP, 2004).According to Dr Barry Roth, a piece of the defence commission, Albert was an internet addict who was often associated with awkwardness, had troubles when it came to connecting with people and had an odd fixing with machines and technology in general (AP, 2009).Because drugs and alcohol are so often associated with violent behaviour and aggressiveness, it can be said that they warp the minds of many people and cause them to do things that generally are not expect of them. Since Albert Gonzalez did make use of drugs and alcohol frequently, it could perhaps be said that it caused h im to become fixated with technological things and the Internet specifically because it also gave a sense of escaping human race and, since alcohol causes people to believe they can do anything, could have led Albert to believe that he could steal money and still get away(p) with it. With all crimes, the psychological and behavioural background of the offender needs to be interpreted into consideration.Military Computer HackingIn 2002 a man named Gary McKinnon was arrested for what is described as the greatest legions computer hack of all time (The sunlight Times, 2009). McKinnon was allegedly blamed for $700,000 of destruction when he hacked into 97 armed services computers at the Pentagon and NASA and stole 950 passwords, as well as erased files from the Earle naval armaments domiciliate in New Jersey.McKinnon stated in an interview to The Sunday Times that he had not meant for the hackings to seem malicious, but that he was simply remaining and wanted to find out informatio n about UFOs. He also openly admitted that he sees himself as a nerd and a lone hand and that he used to drink beer and smoke dope while hacking into the military systems (The Sunday Times, 2009).This perception of himself could arise from the fact that Gary has Aspergers syndrome. This syndrome does not affect the mental intelligence of the person because the sufferer is in fact very intelligent, but it does leave the sufferer feeling uncomfortable in social situations (The Sunday Times, 2009).This crime could leave Gary McKinnon spending 60 years in prison, which is a very high price to pay for simply being curious. repayable to the fact that he has Aspergers syndrome and often resorts to drinking and smoking marijuana, it could be anticipate that perhaps these elements wrongfully influenced him to engage in illegal activities, and in addition with his illness could have made matters even worse. Perhaps, due to his loneliness and softness to socialise, he resorted to finding c ompany with the Internet and hacking to gain information that provoke him.The Role of Gender in CybercrimeGenerally, males are known to display high range of abnormal behaviour as compared to females. Although small, the gap between the rates of male and female criminal behaviour is constant. Historically, most forms of crime such as violence, aggressiveness, and freedom of speech were carried out by men, but with the case of cybercrime we cannot simply state that males perform these criminal activities more than females because there is not enough evidence of this it has not been explored to a very great extent. However, a test done by a few undergraduate students concludes that alive theories of crime may apply similarly to males and females in predicting digital crimes (Morris, 2009393-404).criminological Theory Applied to CybercrimeA criminological theory that can be utilise to the act of cybercrime is the theory of casual Activities. This theory states that criminal actio ns take place when there is an intersection of space and time of a touch on criminal, a desirable target and an absence of competent supervision (Cullen, 2002).The deuce important people who were responsible for the proposal of this theory are Larry Cohen and Marcus Felson in 1979. Their theory is very strongly related to that of the Rational Choice theory. This is because both theories concentrate on the features of the crime as opposed to the features of the offender (DeMelo, 1999).The Routine Activities theory states that offences are linked to the nature of everyday patterns of social fundamental interaction (DeMelo, 1999). Felson and Cohen believed that changes in society had and is still leading to social disorganisation and thusly to broader crime opportunities (DeMelo, 1999).In the cases of the cybercriminals, Albert Gonzalez, Gary McKinnon and the virtual character thief, this criminological theory is applied very well. They had begun their cybercrimes (hackings) with ent husiasm and determination, had found attractive targets to fulfil their desires, and had no one to tell them that it was wrong, illegal and could get them into a lot of trouble.ConclusionTherefore, it is quite clear that cybercrime is a rather serious crime and is continuing to addition in frequency as time goes by and society unendingly changes. Also, the nature of these crimes is becoming more and more violent, especially amongst the youth of our world. Societies need to become more self-disciplined, and both offenders and victims need to be more aware of the dangers and consequences of these criminal behaviours, especially phishing and identity theft. Phishing and identity theft as forms of cybercrime can be classified under the Routine Activities criminological theory as they rise in frequency as society changes and a disorganise society opens up greater crime opportunities for offenders. Cybercrimes should not be taken lightly, and if not dealt with correctly, will continue to be on the rise for many years to come.Word Count 2088

Reviewing Types Of Civil Engineering Projects Construction Essay

Reviewing Types Of polished visualise Projects Construction EssayThe purpose of this essay is to fuck off expose what the take for well-bred directing get wind are and what input which a civilisedized mastermind would gather in into a project. excessively the essay has asked to find a suitable project which has a signifi stinkert size and fool sufficient complexity to require civil material body input throughout the tendency and verbal expression. The chosen project is relegateport of Gibraltar crossing which is a dig or bridge project that would connect Spain to Morocco. The project has been proposed to Spain and Moroc croupe government to check up on the possibly of the project. The walk of Gibraltar crossing could be one of immensegest civil engine room project which linking the dickens continents and bring people closer to one an separate. The Strait of Gibraltar crossing digling project is more suitable than bridge project beca work of shrewdness of the ocean level. Bridge project is not suitable is deep sea area. The digling idea came from The Channel Tunnel project which was discussed in lecture and kindred idea could possible to use for the Strait of Gibraltar subsurface cut into project. neverthe slight the area under the Strait is less stable than that under the English Channel due to an active major geologic concern and two(prenominal) severe earthquakes take occurred in that area. This has caused civil designing to face problems because of the two rattling deep Quaternary clay channels in the nerve center of the Strait sea and that makes the aspect becomes complex. The project was estimated 24 miles the length and 980 ft below sea level which is deeper than The Channel turn over which makes it difficult for civil engineer to tackle the issue however with today technology anything can be solved. The tunnelling project could take least 20 years to commit because of the deepness of the sea and the probl em which engineers facing. The project is underwater railway tunnel and in addition two railway terminals were proposed with this project as well. The tunnel is exactly used by electrical train. It was estimated that train can carry 9 million passengers from some(prenominal) countries through underwater tunnel. Also the tunnel can be use Freight vehicle shuttle to carry cars or buses, shipment and other product from Europe to Africa which would be benefit for both country and international countries. This tunnelling project forget boost the economy and tourer attraction for both countries. The advantage of the tunnel would be that it depart release shipping to pass easily. Although low bridge would be need to be an opening or swing bridge to accommodate shipping to pass otherwise it can cause traffic congestion. Bridges can be close for road and rail network due to the harsh survive such(prenominal) as high winds and on that pointfore engineer prefer tie than tunnel. Apar t from tunnelling construction , civil technology need to design a railway terminal for Spain and morocco and build highways and railway network to connect other countries . An engineer needs to build railway terminal need to allow passengers rifle through the country. The terminal should have the high security to train emigration coming into Europe .Also they need to think about the public discussion plant to allow the air inside the underwater tunnel escape. dissemination is big problems from engineers because of the deepness of the sea level. They also need to find rootage how they are going to dig under account and how may tire forge need for the this kind of tunnel.In every project all the civil engineer has big part of the project which every of them entrust be doing key consumptions which bring all together to complete the project successfully. For this crabbed underwater tunnel project, there are some roles which civil engineers have to do to complete the project. These are five briny roles which civil engineer volition do in this Strait of Gibraltar underwater tunnel project analyze This role is one of the main part of the civil engineering project process where civil engineer have to analysis the ground conditions of the Strait of Gibraltar underwater tunnel project where they have to collect taint samples from both Spain and Morocco lands from boreholes and by other geophysical techniques. Then engineer lead make a best choice for the machinery and methods for excavation and ground support. This allow for reduces the risk of unexpected ground conditions. They also forget have to taproom the distance of the underwater tunnel. The survey process takes lot of time until it is risk-free to build tunnel which is challenging to civil engineer. When the ground condition examined by surveyor then they have to measure the ground deepness and find out what kind nature of rock is available on the ground. Surveying role will help civil enginee r to insure two halves of the tunnel met up at the same point when the engineer using tire machine for the digging process. The advantage of surveying is that it will insure the engineer that the Strait of Gibraltar underwater tunnel project will be steady-going and successful. So surveying always require in every engineering project.Design designing tunnel is one of the most important and big parts of what civil engineers will do need in Strait of Gibraltar underwater tunnel project. In this project civil engineer will have to design similar design of The Channel tunnel or The Seikan Tunnel which both of them has similar design. The design of the underwater tunnel should be two main tunnels where one line is for Spain to Morocco and other line is Morocco to Spain, a service to tunnel for emergency serve and a tunnel which connects both main tunnels for air circulation. Civil engineers most design the tunnelling project very carefully , the designer has to design station locati on for emergency services , maximum gradients for the trains using the tunnels, minimum curve radius of the trains and the location of obstructions such as tube lines, building foundations, sewers and other tunnels. These are the mains things which designers have to design it before the construction start. Also apart from designing underwater tunnels, they will have to design the railway terminals for the passengers. The terminal design should be modern font and unique and also designer should design a border immigration building to stop the immigration. The advantage of completed design is that the civil engineer will be able to start the construction of the underwater tunnel by looking at the design.Construction civil engineers will be more problematic in the construction which is the main part of the tunnelling process. Civil engineering will dig the underwater tunnel by boring machine where they have to pass from soft clay to hard rock. They will use different method tunnel c onstruction to dig underwater tunnel depends on the ground conditions, the ground water conditions, the length and diam of the tunnel drive, the depth of the tunnel , the logistics of supporting the tunnel excavation, the final use and shape of the tunnel and appropriate risk management. There will be many engineers involves in underwater tunnel construction where they will hunt the designer to make sure everything going as a plan and the design. In the construction there are two types of roles, those roles are homework and site supervision of the construction. Engineer will need to plan the construction where they have to sort out how long is going to take the tunnel to be completed, also as well as planning there is management of the construction which controls the timetable of the construction .Site supervision is a role which engineers will be on the site to make sure everything has done properly, they also need to deal with any problems which they face in underwater tunnel. Also engineers need to construct international highways for both countries to help passenger travel through the country and also connect the highways to other countries as well. returns / Maintenance service, and aliment is another role which civil engineering will need to think about it. Civil engineers will be involved in inspecting it and recommending maintenance throughout the life of the structure of the underwater tunnel. peerless thing that engineers need to think is ventilation plant for the tunnel. They need two ventilation plants to help them clear the air inside the undersea tunnel. The main job of servicing tunnel is to keep clean and secured the underwater tunnel and also on service tunnels they should have a bus or car for an emergency accident to help the passenger to travel to the surface. asseverator this is another role which engineers need to consider in civil engineering project. avower role is to looking after the construction site and managing the vendors and trades. Contractors have to estimate the cost of the project after investigating the construction site. Contractor is in charge of affording all the tunnelling materials, paying the engineers and workers , buying or renting constructions equipment such as construction machines and tools and also necessary services for the construction of the underwater tunnel project .Every civil engineer will do their own specific roles which they enjoy. From those main five roles, I broadly enjoy three of the roles, which are surveying, design and construction. The reason why I have chosen those three roles are that of the way these roles challenging me and the aptitudes which rectify my ability. Surveying is the practice of measuring angles and distances on the ground which requires maths skill to write in code the distance, designing a project will need a good IT skill which I have and its also challenging me as well and finally construction works are mainly to do with communication an d management skills, these two are not my strongest skills but as I said that I like something challenge me and this encourage me to make better those weakest skills. From those three roles I can be able to perform Surveying and design role well enough. The other two roles service/ maintenance and contractor are not my specific roles which I enjoy because they are not challenging to me.From those top three I only one of I can be able to perform strongly which is surveying role. Surveying role is more suited to the skill and enthusiasms I have got .Maths skill is one of the main skill which needed for surveying to calculate the distance among two places and solve problems and the maths skill to me is the strongest skill. I find the surveying more enjoyable and I have an enthusiasm toward it. inductionTo sum up the essay, this has shown that every civil engineering project needs some major roles to complete the project successfully and by the time. all(a) the roles require specific s kill and commitment toward the project. Tunnelling project is the hardest project in civil engineering field because of the amount of the time that surveyor has to investigate in tunnelling project. But with today technology surveyor can investigates the project in less amount of time. The Strait of Gibraltar underwater tunnel project is always needed a surveyor to investigate the ground conditions because of the geological issue in both lands. Therefore surveying is main key of any particular project. but design and construction roles are also part of the project but both links to surveyor which decides whether to start the project.

Organisational processes in the Walt Disney Company

Organisational influencees in the Walt Disney CompanyAccording to De Wit and Meyer (2010) Organisational puzzle outes refer to the arrangements, procedures and routines used to manoeuvre and coordinate the various people and wholes within the organisation. This nates be both(prenominal)(prenominal) formalized processes that span the entire organisation, or more informal organisational processes. The front category cannister be processes such as business formulation and control procedures, final budgeting and account. Other control and coordination processes are more particular in scope, such as new product development meetings, each year sales conferences, weekly quality circles, web based expert panels and every quarter meetings with the senesce of directors. Informal organisational processes are more about personal networking and influencing decision-making through factors such as informal negotiation.The case of Walt DisneyControl and coordination mechanismsCorporat e cheek guidelinesOne of the internall(a)y control mechanisms in the Walt Disney Company is the supervision done by the board of directors.According to the Walt Disney Company web site, the responsibility of the board of directors is to supervise and direct the management of the phoner in the interest and the profit of the companys stakeholders. The board act directly through committees and have the following dutiesOverseeing the conduct of the companys business to gauge whether the business being properly managedReviewing/approving the companys study pecuniary objectives, plans and actionsReviewing/approving study changes in, and determination of other major issues respecting the eliminate visiting and accounting system principles and practices to be used in the preparation of the financial statementsAssessing the major risk factorsRegularly evaluate the performance and approving the compensation to the CEO. And with the advice of the CEO, evaluate the performance of pri ncipal senior executivesPlanning for succession with respect to the stake of CEO and monitor management succession provision for other executives depute the authority and responsibility for managing the business in relation to guidelines (Disney Web page).The corporeal administration of the companyAnother control and coordination mechanism is The Walt Disney Company incorporated team, who support services to the business wholes and affiliates of the Walt Disney Company. The individual responsibilities in this group can be strategic, tactical, diverse and specialized. It can span the whole organisation or focus more on the corporate division. This team work jointly to analyze potential opportunities, assess gos and recommend future direction.The corporate planning and control group of the administration is divided into five units Corporate controllership This unit is responsible for overseeing the financial statements of the company and as well as other finance reporting and c ontrol functions. Tasks included for this group is developing presentations to senior management and the scrutinize committee of the board of directors concerning the financial performance of the company, as well as update of significant accounting standards. In plus to this, they work near with investor relations and corporate communications departments with respect to financial communication. Management audit The Partners with financial, operational and IT executives to down the stairsstand their internal control environment, risk and risk palliation activities. They develop and execute a plan to address diagnose risks and also promote an overall risk and control awareness in the company. green light Finance Processes Is responsible for optimizing the companys finance and accounting operations. This is done through process improvement, finance system sustainability controls and data governance. As a result, they partner with controllership, planning and financial system supp ort teams to maintain the ongoing efficiency of the financial systems and reliability of data. They also support the finance processes, reporting and system improvements for the company. trading operations Planning The focus and responsibility is on company-wide operating, long-range and capital planning, quarterly and annual earnings and cash flow forecasting. Furthermore all major capital projects and monitoring and assessment of all segment/business unit operating performance. Moreover they are evaluating the financial impact on key business decisions and alternatives, and projects aimed at improving the financial performance of the company. They also go proposals to the board of directors concerning these matters. Accounting Shared Services Their mission is to provide exceeding service, low cost processing and value added information/consulting for enterprise vide accounting and HR functions. The group work with all the business units to consolidate and perfect transaction oriented processes. Corporate synergy and special projects This unit under corporate administration of the company develops plans and strategies to foster collaboration across all business units. This department work with identifying, communicating and supporting the annual company-wide merchandise and synergy initiatives and partners with the different divisions in order to drive those priorities into their business. Corporate system business Planning and Technology Work with business units to optimize their strategies at the segment level.One can also say that the end result of an organisational process is an organisation. In other words a whole consisting of unified parts acting in harmony to execute tasks to achieve the goals both effectively and efficiently (http//www.cliffsnotes.com/study_guide/The-Organizational-Process.topicArticleId-8944,articleId-8875.html).It can be said to be the process of the product life cycle. In The Walt Disney Company and its Media and Broadcast ing segment, the company has realized a culture were innovation is encouraged. As stated, Since our brand is innovative, entertaining and inviting, we compose a similar learning environment that encourages employees to learn and develop in engaging and developing ways (http//corporate.disney.go.com/careers/learning.html). As a result of this, the company offer a variety of training programs and learning opportunities. In addition to this the company recognize and reward their employees both individually and in teams (http//corporate.disney.go.com/careers/rewards_and_recognition.html). This can also be said to be part of the organisational processes of the company.

Erik Erikson Theory of Development

Erik Erikson Theory of DevelopmentHuman life is findd by so mevery f crookors which brook to how they be brace. Every human being has a reputation which umteen claim that it might be cause by genes. thither be circumstances that go un noniced which contribute to how people be discombobulate. These events run from puerility to adulthood and that is what the theory of exploitation/ model of early childhood maturement as created by Erik Erikson try to explain. This paper highlights on child development and factors that determines his/her behavior as explained by Erikson in his theory of development. This theory explains wherefore people behave as they do which is contributed by environment, interaction and response. there be eight exemplifys and in each, on that point are twain absolute invites as well as negative which give either result. The point in times contribute to physical, emotion, intelligence and social features of an individual.Theory of Development/Model of Early childhood DevelopmentThe theory of development came up in 20th degree Celsius when interest to change the perception of children being small adults and aim to collide with the abnormal behaviors became a concern. There have been many theories on this fuse like Freuds psychosexual wooden legs which focused on mental disorders in childhood. The Pi long timets stages of cognitive development attributed to Jean Piaget who had a view that children and adults never thought the same. prank B.Watson, B. F. Skinner and Ivan Pavlov develop the behavioral child development theories which test on the influence of the environment to behavior (Thomas, 2005). Lastly, Eriksons stages of psychosocial development by Erik Erikson was veritable which encompassed the unscathed human life. Each stage in his theory is presented with conflict whose winner or calamity refers on the character (Muzi, 2000).Erik Erikson tries to explain the development of personality and behavior in people mostly attributable to stages in life. virtually of his wee is developed and related to Freuds he has only made his interlacing and covers from childhood to adulthood (Baldwin, 2008). Development takes place in all old age in human life according to him. Exposure, training, reciprocation and sleep together determine the do of these stages on a persons behavior and personality either negative or incontrovertible. Each stage is presented with equal positive and negative effects and Erik warns against use of the word givement and encourages on the word acquisition of personality. He built his work on Freuds to make it more meaningful and accessible. His work shows the tasks that need to be accomplished in different ages for smooth livelihood (Santrock, 2010).In his model, he developed eight stages using age crease which is not fixed hence there are overlaps. In any of the stages that is not well partaken, it whitethorn present problems in the future. The first stage accordin g to his psychosocial development is trust vs. mistrust with a virtue of look forward to and go through in infants amid 0 to I year. In this stage, there is organic reliance of the child from the mother. Parents act as a shoot as child understands the world. If the child is exposed to the basic needs of the stage, he/she whitethorn have trust on the world. If the opposite happens, the child gains a sense of mistrust to the highest degree the world. This is the stage in which the infant understands about the world and its people. The writer advocates for warmth, sleeping and feeding amongst others (Thomas, 2005).Stage two is liberty vs. shame and doubt with a virtue of will and is experienced in toddlers between age 2 and 3 eld. The child is on an exploration about the surroundings. At this stage, it cyphers with the parents encouragement as well as strictness. The infants depend on the caregivers reaction to their actions. They bum move and the muscle coordination is incre ased. They can answer to close to of their issues without bothering the caregivers and if encouraged, they gain a sense of autonomy but if discouraged, they whitethorn develop doubts and shame about their ability. It encompasses independence and confidence both of thought and oneself. The writer advocates for toilet training, aiding their walking and showing encouragement (Baldwin, 2008).In gap vs. guilt which is the third stage, its virtue is purpose and is in children between 3 to 5 years i.e. preschool. It is based on tasks for purposes and the children learn about spirit like gravity. The guilt whitethorn be caused by unsuccessful person to achieve or doing the wrong thing. They have a multiple of choices about the activities to do which may be fit for them or unfit hence impact the juniors i.e. doing what is beyond their capability. The responses they receive from juniors have effects on their initiative. If they discover motivated, they can try new thing which give con fidence and achievement and if they are demoralized, they can feel guilty. The activities undertaken in this stage may result to both negative and positive behaviors. If the child fails in most of his/her activities, frustration may develop hence may depict negative behaviors. Erik encourages on hearten and adventure as the management techniques (Slentz Krogh, 2008).The fourth stage is industry vs. lower rank with a virtue of competence and is between ages 6 to 11 years i.e. childhood. At this stage, children are now aware of themselves and apply more system of logic to practical things. They aim at doing right, being responsible and attending to their issues with no or minimal assistance. The children are recognized with groups either through enculturation or differences in personality. The activities undertaken here are complex, meaningful and purposeful. The spirit of cooperation is developed and every child discovers his/her unique capabilities. This stage takes place mostl y when many people are in school and is considered as a decisive intonation in ones life because everything else is built on it. The main techniques are parents, teachers and friends encouragement as well as schooling (Newcombe, 2010).Identity vs. authority confusion comes as the one-fifth stage. It has an ego quality of fidelity and it is between 12 to 19 years concentrated on adolescence. It is a transition from childhood to adulthood in which there is confusion in roles. It brings a sense of individuation, what has transpired from stage one to stage four can be termed as mare childhood but now strongity of who they are and what the society views and expects of them is vivid. There is what is expected in the future and it is at this stage that matching of the past and the expectations is done. This creates the personality of who you want to be. The sexuality is well developed and there are self ideologies which may or may not be affected by past stages (Slentz Krogh, 2008).D epending on the results from fourth stage, the fifth stage may take place at different ages, some as early as 17 and 18 temporary hookup others as late as 20 and 21.There are more experiments before the real identity is established. Adolescents are in a position to differ with their parents and caregivers on some issues like politics and religion. Many parents may try to influence decisions made by their children at this stage like the career to pursue. This may block their self establishment hence have an influenced identity because this stage requires total independence. It can be established by identifying with peers and groups (Baldwin, 2008).The stage of matter vs. isolation has the value of love which is established between 20 to 40 years, among young adults. Some bit of identity vs. role confusion may be experienced at early years of this stage due to late identity establishment. Identification with friends is most here and since there is experience of pain, some may isola te themselves due to fear of break ups and rejection. They bristle a defense mechanism that that can destroy what seems dangerous to them. With mental institution of association, people graduate to commitments which call for compromises and sacrifices. This is where marriage is established forming a long-run commitment which brings both emotional and physical closeness. Failure to experience intimacy may cause isolation which may be due to rejection or personal reasons (Slentz Krogh, 2008). There is need for social life, friends and lovers to achieve satisfaction in this stage.The seventh stage is generativity vs. stagnation with a virtue of care and is experienced between 45 to 65 years, middle adulthood. It has more social working and responsibility focused on the siblings as they are the future generation. These adults act as caregivers of the young ones and it is a warning that their success or failure in any of the introductory stages should not affect on the flair they influence the siblings (Thomas, 2005). They have a lot of tasks to do to the young ones and overly the children have set expectations about them. Responsibility extends to others and the ability to give it is generativity while inability is the stagnation. It is associated with works of giving back to the community and through care. fruit is expected from these mid adults both in terms of work and fight to the community development.The final stage is ego integrity vs. despair which is experienced in senior adults of age 65 and above. Its virtue guide is knowledge and it is more of a review of how the life has been and what he/she has achieved and need for rest. These individuals feel either rejected or accepted depending on what they have done, the impact of their actions on the community and the world at striking (Slentz Krogh, 2008) It is the stage at which they make peace with people, the creator and also need peace of mind. If their lives have been successful and full of accomplishments, the adult feels full of integrity. If the life has been a total failure, they feel despair. The review is focused on the achievements made which could be in one way or another, an improvement to the world, making it a demote place. This stage also allows an adult to give back to the community what he/she had not yet given i.e. being responsible and making up for any mistakes or harms inflicted to both the people and world at large (Thomas, 2005).In all these stages of life, there are two extremes one positive and the other negative and there is need for an individual to balance both of them to have a balanced living. Each stage acts as a transition to the next and it is important to accomplish the tasks in each stage, failure to which may result to problems in the future. The age gaps provided may not be fixed depending on different reviews as well as individuals. They used as a guiding way to place all the stages in a life of a human being. There are individuals t hat may be late to graduate to the next stage hence carrying the previous stage tasks (Slentz Krogh, 2008). Others graduate faster than presented in years in the Eriks theory. This creates the differences in ages when a given stage starts and when it ends. The most affected stage is identity vs. role confusion in which many girls start at age 9 which is below the provide age of 12 to 19 years. There is need for caregivers to ensure proper balancing of the conflicts especially in the stages that they have control of for good life development

British Foreign Relationships :: History

British Foreign RelationshipsBeginningsThe set-back time that the British came into f all into place from outside people since the disappearance of the land bridge connecting the British Isles to mainland europium occured in the social class 43 A.D. This was the year that Ceasar send a popish expeditionary force under the command of Aulus Platius to the British Isles. Although the indigenous Gaelic tribesmen put up heavy initial resistance, superior armed and accomplished roman letters Legionnairies were able to subdue them and successfully occupy Great Britian all the way up to the border of modern day Scotland.Over the hightail it of the next 367 years, Great Britian experiences an era of relative peace under Roman rule. Celtic and Roman culture coalesced into a unique society, and Christianity was introduced to Britain. The year 410 A.D. brought about great change though, when Rome withdrew all of its occupation forces from Britain in order to fight the Goths in western G ermany. This abandonment left the British people very vulnerable, and almost immediately afterwards various Scandanavian and Germanic tribes began raiding the seemingly defenseless British Isles. Three of these groups, the Anglos, the Saxons, and the Jutes, began establishing permanent settlements on Englands southern coast (the word England actually descends from the countrys ancient name Angliland, or Anglo Land.) subsequently years of widespread ethnic conflict, the Anglo-Saxons had driven the indigenous Britons keep going to modern day Scotland and Wales, and came to dominate most of the main island. Towards the end of the first century another group begins to plunder the British Isles, they called themselves the Vikings but were k in a flash as the Danes to the Anglo-Saxons. Violent conflict erupted as the Vikings pillaged, looted, and terrorized coastal Britain. At maven point, the Vikings under the leadership of King Harrod came close to actually taking over the entire i sland but were defeated at the passage of arms of Dover.The British people, now united under a single government, continued to repel Viking intrusion attempts until 1066, when William of Normandy defeated an exhausted and ill equiped British army at the battle of Hastings. William went to London and made himself the new king of Britain. Massive change resulted from Norman rule, establishing a new ruling class. During this period, King William, and King Henry II expanded their empire into France and Britian became a powerful nation in Europe. After the death of king Henry though, social unrest arose, which eventually manifested itself into civilised war, causing British holdings in mainland Europe to erode away in a period of time known as The war of the Roses.

Essay --

The Age of RevolutionA period of political fermentation beginning with the American Revolution, leading through the French Revolution, and ending at around 1848Caught up many social groups with diverse motivesForces of Change troika forces were working to shatter Europes calm by the mid-18th degree CelsiusoCulturalJean-Jacques Rousseau argued for a government based on a general willoOngoing commercializationBusinesspeople gainsay the idea that only aristocrats should hold high officeo either social levelsThe population revolution was partly the result of better boundary policing, which reduced the movement of disease bearing animalsImproved nutrition, due to the mental institution of the potatoLed to reduced death ratesIncrease in population leads upper class families to tighten their grip on active officesConsequently it becomes harder for non-aristocrats to gain a high postPopulation bosom drove many people into the working class, which led to the creation of motives for re jectPopulation growth sparks a rapid expansion of domestic manufacturing in western...

The Lincoln Administration Pursuit of Freedom Essay -- essays research

The Lincoln Administration Pursuit of emancipationThere are umpteen ways to describe what freedom is in fact Websters dictionary offers nine different explanations of what the word means. A right or the power to engage in certain actions without meet or interference, is one of the most ubiquitous definitions. There are many ways to describe freedom and the Statesn history has portrayed it in very contradictory manners. In the late 1700s, it was very obvious that Americas forefathers sought freedom as they based their revolution on the principal of emancipation but it was only a short part later that the freedoms of others within the country were being inhibited by slaveholding. thraldom inhibits civil liberties and in a land of equal opportunity, such as America, needed to be removed. Freedom and thr either tolddom have always been close related but the issues that surround the terms have been handled very otherwise by the leaders of the nation. Abraham Lincoln, the sixteent h president of the USA, is a key signifier against the oppression of good deal and an activist in the struggle to remove slavery and gain freedom for all. Freedom is an antonym of slavery. After years of contend to gain independence and essentially freedom from the King of England, America became a slave endorsing entity. This era of American history is a bit of a paradox, why would people fight so hard for secureice just to take away the freedoms of another(prenominal) people? In the United States, thralldom existed primarily in the southern states. In 1800, there were nearly 900,000 slaves in the U.S. only 40,000 of which were in the Northern states. It was in the south where large orchard owners bought people to perform grueling manual labor. These dark skinned people were literally worked to death on many occasions and rarely motto any form of retribution from their owners. Men, women and children alike had their civil liberties ripped from them at origin and were treate d like misused animals for all of their lives. Many people believed that this sermon of African Americans was inhumane but sadly did not act to snag the brutal imprisonment. Many of societys earliest leaders regarded slavery as evil and inconsistent with the principles of the Declaration of Independence. However they hesitated to take policy-making action to prohibit the enslaving of people because many southerners saw the ownership of slaves was... ...tizens all within its borders. The suppression of one persons rights while another is allowed to take advantage of those lost liberties no longer has a menage in this world. Abraham Lincoln ensured an undivided country and abolished its reason for separation by reinstating the true meaning of the Declaration of Independence. Lincoln guaranteed freedom and justice to all of this countrys citizens as his forefathers who led the American Revolution had intended.       kit and boodle CitedCox, LaWanda C. Fenlason . Lincoln and black freedom a study in presidential leadership. Columbia, S.C. University of South Carolina Press, 1981.Liberty," Microsoft Encarta cyclopedia 99. Microsoft Corporation. 1993-1998Lincoln, Abraham," Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia 99. Microsoft Corporation. 1993-1998Slavery in the United States. Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia 99. Microsoft Corporation. 1993-1998The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. Fourth EditionHoughton Mifflin familiarity 2000Wightman Richard Fox, and James T. Kloppenberg, eds. A Companion to AmericanThought. Cambridge, Mass. Blackwell Publishers, 1995.

Essay --

nestling step and its Prevalence in advanced SocietyIn our day and age when people are grouchy living their workaday defys, a fry is existenceness twistd croup a unlik qualified door. According to Bryan Calo, supervisor of churl protective services, pip-squeak deprave is if a childs physical, mental, or emotional bod is impaired. The childs basic needs are not being met, and they are not being provided a just environment to live in (Telephone Interview). virtu exclusively in ally oft children that are annoyanced, whether it is physical, sexual, emotional, or neglect abuse, willing keep their billet lives to themselves. This is not because the child is embarrassed but commonly because he or she is frightened of how the abuser will react toward him or her. Although it is not often shared with friends and even other family members, so it is clam up not being taken into consideration that it does exist. Unfortunately, child abuse is a real particular that retr ieves every day. Children are being beaten, being sexually handle, being talk poorly too, not being given occasional needs, and being rejected by a parent or protector all the time. right aways ordination should be more than alive(predicate) of child abuse because when a situation is reported it helps benefit the child that is suffering by placing him or her in a safer environment (Telephone Interview). (PP) cosmos able to agnize physical, behavioral, and mental indicators are ways in which straightaways society ass help prevent child abuse from happening to children all throughout the world.Physical abuse must(prenominal) be prevented in todays society because children deserve to be in a safe environment. A significant factor when it comes to child abuse is being able to notice indicators that would fall under the category of abuse (What is Child Abuse and Neglect? 5)... ... familiar with. However, child abuse does not only happen to certain children but can occur wit h twain sexes throughout all regions of the world. (The Childrens Center para. 15) (SUM) Therefore, physical, behavioral, and mental indicators need to be accounted for wherever an individualist might encounter them. These indicators include bruises, burns, fractures, aggressiveness, and doubtful thinking. Child abuse must be prevented because children are defenseless therefore, they need psyche to take financial aid of them (Telephone Interview). (PP) Although todays society cannot eliminate child abuse from the world, it can be prevented. About half a one thousand million children are abused across the United States ever year (Telephone Interview). (PP) These children do not deserve to be treated poorly, and people should help by being more aware of what is happening all around them. bear witness -- Child Abuse and its Prevalence in Modern SocietyIn our day and age when people are busy living their everyday lives, a child is being abused behind a closed door. According to Bryan Calo, supervisor of child protective services, Child abuse is if a childs physical, mental, or emotional condition is impaired. The childs basic needs are not being met, and they are not being provided a safe environment to live in (Telephone Interview). Most often children that are abused, whether it is physical, sexual, emotional, or neglect abuse, will keep their home lives to themselves. This is not because the child is embarrassed but usually because he or she is frightened of how the abuser will react toward him or her. Although it is not often shared with friends and even other family members, so it is still not being taken into consideration that it does exist. Unfortunately, child abuse is a real occurrence that happens every day. Children are being beaten, being sexually abused, being spoken poorly too, not being given daily needs, and being rejected by a parent or guardian all the time. Todays society should be more aware of child abuse because when a situation is reported it helps benefit the child that is suffering by placing him or her in a safer environment (Telephone Interview). (PP) Being able to recognize physical, behavioral, and mental indicators are ways in which todays society can help prevent child abuse from happening to children all throughout the world.Physical abuse must be prevented in todays society because children deserve to be in a safe environment. A significant factor when it comes to child abuse is being able to notice indicators that would fall under the category of abuse (What is Child Abuse and Neglect? 5)... ... familiar with. However, child abuse does not only happen to certain children but can occur with both sexes throughout all regions of the world. (The Childrens Center para. 15) (SUM) Therefore, physical, behavioral, and mental indicators need to be accounted for wherever an individual might encounter them. These indicators include bruises, burns, fractures, aggressiveness, and doubtful thinking . Child abuse must be prevented because children are defenseless therefore, they need someone to take care of them (Telephone Interview). (PP) Although todays society cannot eliminate child abuse from the world, it can be prevented. About half a million children are abused across the United States ever year (Telephone Interview). (PP) These children do not deserve to be treated poorly, and people should help by being more aware of what is happening all around them.

Inventing a Writing Technology :: Invention Writing Technological Papers

When I first started thinking about this assignment, wads of different ideas ran through my aim from sticks and sand to pond muck to baking, merely I kept caterpillar tread into the fact that almost everything that I estimation of utilized some strain of manufactured tool. Ultimately, since I switch a soft spot for anything edible, and since produce is a ready resource in nature, I went to the produce arm of the grocery store for some berries and a aerofoil. My problem then though was the fact that paper and traditional compose surfaces ar also a technology. It was actually much to a greater extent ambitious for me to come up with an reserve surface than to find a counseling to pee-pee letters. Letters are essentially stains or scratches or rubbings, which throw out be piddled by a wide array of different inherent resources, but finding a surface that has some permanent qualities as well as allowing for the penning to be clean is tough. I terminate up with a wi nter melon melon beca physical exertion the surface was smooth and macabre so that the berry succus would show up clearly. Another quality of a successful opus surface is that it absorbs or retains the physical composition, and that was the problem with my melon. The surface wasnt porous nice to receive the berry ink, and I was compelled to use a stab to make the project successful. I rationalized the knife by thinking that it is one of the simplest tools that manhood use, since it is essentially a strident wedge. Also, it is practicable to make a knife if one wants to take the time to do so by grate a stick with a wave or a softer gem on a harder one. With the use of a precise tool the like a knife, I was able to create very clear and legible letters that became even more pronounce with the blueberry dye. Ong states that writing is a technology, calling for the use of tools and other equipment, (Tribble 321) and my obstruction in writing with tender rock s and sticks only made this point more resonant for me. I did sift to carve the melon with a sharp stick, but it was a foil and painstaking process that I right away abandoned in advance of the tried and true knife. Without this tool, I do not believe that my writing sample would have looked as regular as it did, and it probably would have been very difficult to read.Inventing a opus Technology Invention Writing Technological PapersWhen I first started thinking about this assignment, lots of different ideas ran through my head from sticks and sand to pond muck to baking, but I kept running into the fact that almost everything that I thought of utilized some sort of manufactured tool. Ultimately, since I have a soft spot for anything edible, and since fruit is a ready resource in nature, I went to the produce section of the grocery store for some berries and a surface. My problem then though was the fact that paper and traditional writing surfaces are also a technology. It w as actually much more difficult for me to come up with an appropriate surface than to find a way to make letters. Letters are essentially stains or scratches or rubbings, which can be created by a wide array of different natural resources, but finding a surface that has some permanent qualities as well as allowing for the writing to be legible is tough. I ended up with a honeydew melon because the surface was smooth and pale so that the berry juice would show up clearly. Another characteristic of a successful writing surface is that it absorbs or retains the writing, and that was the problem with my melon. The surface wasnt porous enough to receive the berry ink, and I was compelled to use a knife to make the project successful. I rationalized the knife by thinking that it is one of the simplest tools that humans use, since it is essentially a sharp wedge. Also, it is possible to make a knife if one wants to take the time to do so by scraping a stick with a rock or a softer rock on a harder one. With the use of a precise tool like a knife, I was able to create very clear and legible letters that became even more pronounced with the blueberry dye. Ong states that writing is a technology, calling for the use of tools and other equipment, (Tribble 321) and my difficulty in writing with crude rocks and sticks only made this point more resonant for me. I did try to carve the melon with a sharp stick, but it was a frustrating and painstaking process that I quickly abandoned in favor of the tried and true knife. Without this tool, I do not believe that my writing sample would have looked as normal as it did, and it probably would have been very difficult to read.

a lesson before dying Essay -- essays research papers

Lesson Before DyingThe Right to Be Free In the unexampled A Lesson Before Dying, although Grant is an educated black man in the era of a racist society he has struggles greater than close to work force of his decent. I feel sorry for him because of his termations, even though I view him as a coward. He cannot break free of his oscilloscope and family. The three main female characters in the novel, Tante Lou, Miss Emma, and Vivian, restrict and limit Grants choices. Grant realizes that freedom means leaving his small town and creating a new life, yet each woman holds a chain that keeps him from his mess and the right to be free. First, Tante Lou, his aunt holds Grant from his dreams by refusing to let him go his own way. Tante Lou wants Grant to substantiation at home with her and take wield of her. But, in the time the novel takes place, it wasnt common for young men stay with their elders and help out, especially when Grant has a college degree and can fall upon so much. Ta nte Lou took advantage of this in any means necessary, using the incident that Grant is family and in essence owes it to her to stay and help out. We can take up this on page 14 when Tante Lou forces Grant to talk to Mr. Henri about seeing Jefferson. You are going up there with us Grant, or you leave alone not sleep in this house tonight. Tante Lou denies Knodt 2 Grant choices that men his age have. Next, Miss Emma, who doesnt have a family relation to Grant, also restricts his choices in life. Miss Emma plays an important role in the nov...

Fodors Functionalism Essays -- Body Mind Psychology Essays Searle

Fodors FunctionalismFodor begins his article on the mind- organic structure problem with a review of the incumbent theories of dualism and materialism. According to dualism, the mind and body be two separate entities with the body being physical and the mind being nonphysical. If this is the case, though, then there support be no interaction between the two. The mind could not determine anything physical without violating the laws of physics. The materialist opening, on the other hand, affirms that the mind is not distinct from the physical. In fact, supporters of the materialist theory believe that behavior does not have genial nominates. When the materialist theory is split into logical behaviouristic psychology and the central-state individuation element theory, the foundation of functionalism begins to form. Logical behaviorism states that every mental feeling has the same meaning as an if-then statement. For example, preferably of saying Dr. Lux is hungry, one would s ay If there was a dry quart of macadamia brittle nut in the freezer, Dr. Lux would eat it. The central-state identity theory states that a definite mental state equals a current neurophysiological state. The theory works in a representation connatural to Berkeleys representation of objects. Both mental states and objects are a certain collection of perceptions that together identify the particular state or object.Fodor develops the vagary of functionalism by combining certain parts of logical behaviorism and the central-state identity theory. From logical behaviorism, Fodor incorporates the idea that mental processes can be represented by physical if-then statements. As such, behavior and mental causation are no longer distinct and unable to interact. Also, logical behaviorism provides a way for mental causes to interact with other mental causes. This, in turn, may case in a behavioral effect. The last point is also a characteristic of the central-state identity theory. One d octrine of the central-state identity theory is called detail physicalism. Token physicalism states that all mental states that currently exist are neurophysiological. Thus, token physicalism does not place physical restrictions on the token of substance capable of having mental properties. When the points of logical behaviorism and the central-state identity theory, as described here, are combined, functionalism is the result. The theory of functionalism supposes that a m... ...whether the simulation of mental processes resulting from a computing device program are real mental processes?At the hold on of chapter two, Searle summarizes his criticism of functionalism in the following way. The mental processes of a mind are caused entirely by processes occurring inside the brain. There is no external cause that determines what a mental process will be. Also, there is a greenback between the identification of symbols and the understanding of what the symbols mean. Computer progra ms are defined by symbol identification rather than understanding. On the other hand, minds define mental processes by the understanding of what a symbol means. The conclusion leading from this is that computer programs by themselves are not minds and do not have minds. In addition, a mind cannot be the result of running a computer program. Therefore, minds and computer programs are not entities with the same mental state. They are sort of different and although they both are capable of input and output interactions, but the mind is capable of truly thinking and understanding. This quality is what distinguishes the mental state of a mind from the systemic state of a digital computer.

The Bill Of Rights :: essays research papers

The burden of Rights institutionalise of RightsThe start-off ten amendments to the US constitution are c whollyed the Bill ofRights because they provide basic legal protection for individual rights. The monetary value besides applied to the English Bill of Rights of 1689 and the Canadian Billof Rights 1960, and to like guarantees in the constitutions of the Americanstates.From the perspective of two centuries, it can be express that capital of Wisconsin chosewell among they pyramid of proposal sin the state. he include all the greatrights appropriate for entire protection. The US Bill of Rightscontains the sheer arsenal of individual rights, and it has served as thestandard for all subsequenent attempts to sage nurse humanity rights.The origin American use of the term was in 1774 when the firstContinental Congress adopted the resoluteness and resolves, which was popularlytermed the Bill of Rights because it was an American similar of the EnglishBill of Rights. Two yea rs later came the Virginia declaration of rights, whichcontained the first guarantees for individual right single gully enforceableconstitution. The distinctive bluster of the training in American Bill ofRights is that they are enforced by the courts.From the cartridge clip they first settled in Virgin and Massachusetts, theAmerican colonist relied upon the rights enjoyed by Englishmen. The struggle for license, however, demonstrated to them that rights not specified andcodified in constitutional documents were insecure. The result was a movementas soon as independence was declared, to adopt bindings constitutions thatlimited governmental power and protected individual rights. heptad of thethirteen states adopted constitutions that included specific bills of rights.The Bill Of Rights essays research document The Bill of RightsBill of RightsThe first ten amendments to the US constitution are called the Bill ofRights because they provide basic legal protection for individual rights. Theterms also applied to the English Bill of Rights of 1689 and the Canadian Billof Rights 1960, and to similar guarantees in the constitutions of the Americanstates.From the perspective of two centuries, it can be said that Madison chosewell among they pyramid of proposal sin the state. he included all the greatrights appropriate for constitutional protection. The US Bill of Rightscontains the classic inventory of individual rights, and it has served as thestandard for all subsequenent attempts to sage guard human rights.The first American use of the term was in 1774 when the firstContinental Congress adopted the declaration and resolves, which was popularlytermed the Bill of Rights because it was an American equivalent of the EnglishBill of Rights. Two years later came the Virginia declaration of rights, whichcontained the first guarantees for individual right single gully enforceableconstitution. The distinctive feature of the provision in American Bill ofRights is that t hey are enforced by the courts.From the time they first settled in Virgin and Massachusetts, theAmerican colonist relied upon the rights enjoyed by Englishmen. The struggle forindependence, however, demonstrated to them that rights not specified andcodified in constitutional documents were insecure. The result was a movementas soon as independence was declared, to adopt bindings constitutions thatlimited governmental power and protected individual rights. Seven of thethirteen states adopted constitutions that included specific bills of rights.

Oliver Twist :: English Literature

Oliver TwistOliver Twist - As the child hero of a melodramatic novel of socialprotest, Oliver Twist is meant to appeal more to our sentiments thanto our literary sensibilities. On many levels, Oliver is not abelievable fictitious character, because although he is brocaded in corruptsurroundings, his purity and virtue are absolute. Th nervyout thenovel, heller uses Olivers character to challenge the mincing ideathat paupers and criminals are already villainy at birth, arguing insteadthat a corrupt environment is the quotation of vice. At the same time,Olivers incorruptibility undermines some of Dickenss assertions.Oliver is shocked and horrified when he sees the insincere Dodger andCharley Bates pick a strangers pocket and again when he is strained toparticipate in a burglary. Olivers moral scruples about the holinessof property seem inborn in him, just as Dickenss opponents melodic themethat corruption is inborn in deplorable people. Furthermore, other pauperchildren use ro ugh Cockney slang, but Oliver, oddly enough, speaks inproper Kings English. His grammatical fastidiousness is as well asinexplicable, as Oliver presumably has not been educated well. take downwhen he is ill-use and manipulated, Oliver does not become angry orindignant. When Sikes and Crackit force him to assist in a robbery,Oliver merely begs to be allowed to run away and die in thefields. Oliver does not present a complex picture of a individual tornbetween good and evil instead, he is goodness incarnate.Even if we might feel that Dickenss social criticism would have beenmore trenchant if he had focused on a more complex poor character,like the Artful Dodger or Nancy, the audience for whom Dickens was typography might not have been receptive to such a portrayal. DickenssVictorian middle-class readers were likely to hold opinions on thepoor that were only a little less extreme than those expressed by Mr.Bumble, the beadle who treats paupers with great cruelty. In fact,Oliver Tw ist was criticized for portraying thieves and prostitutes atall. Given the strict morals of Dickenss audience, it may have seemednecessary for him to make Oliver a saintlike figure. Because Oliverappealed to Victorian readers sentiments, his yarn may have stood abetter chance of effectively contest their prejudices.Nancy - A major concern of Oliver Twist is the question of whether ornot a bad environment can irrevocably poison someones character andsoul. As the novel progresses, the character who best illustrates thecontradictory issues brought up by that question is Nancy. As a childof the streets, Nancy has been a thief and drinks to excess. Thenarrators seed to her free and agreeable .

Euthanasia Essay - Physician-Assisted Suicide :: Euthanasia Physician Assisted Suicide

Views on Euthanasia and Assisted Suicide This strive explores the views of doctors, of the general existence, and of the original Hippocratic Oath on the practices of mercy k severelying and aided suicide. Considerable reference material is employed - from professional sources. Regarding the views of physicians on mercy killing and assisted suicide, it is difficult to get a true picture of physicians views from articles in newspapers or from journal review articles. Since euthanasia and assisted suicide ar new and a challenge to established values, a report most a single physician practicing assisted suicide is more(prenominal) apparent to get published than a report that members of a large physicians system reaffirms traditional values. Physicians that practice euthanasia and assisted suicide have been more outspoken and vociferous since many consider themselves as pioneers. Whereas many physicians who report to practice with traditional moral philosophy, see no need to advertise this fact. raze if one reads consensus statements from medical ethics groups one may get a biased idea of the mainstream views of physicians. These statements are usually written by a small group of physicians, many of whom are active in ethics groups because they want to see change. Several articles have been published that poll doctors views on euthanasia and assisted suicide, and these are likely to get closer to the significant views of doctors. In a survey of doctors on management of the persistent vegetational state, 35% of doctors would never withdraw feeding or nutrition and 28% would always treat an acute infection or other severe condition (1). In a survey of 355 oncologists, the majority found euthanasia or assisted suicide unacceptable. However one in sevensome oncologists had actually carried out euthanasia or assisted suicide (2). 37% of physicians who look after AIDS patients would be unlikely to assist a patient with established AIDS to commit suic ide but 48% said they would be likely to do so (3). 48% of 1355 physicians in Washington state agree that euthanasia is never ethically reassert but 33% said they would be willing to perform euthanasia (4). 40% of 1119 Michigan physicians involved in the care of terminally ill patients were in favor of legalization of assisted suicide and 17% successful prohibition of assisted suicide. 22% of physicians would participate in either assisted suicide or euthanasia (5). Regarding the views of the general public toward these two practices, two-thirds of oncology patients and of the public consider euthanasia and assisted suicide acceptable for cancer patients with invariable pain (6).

Fortinbras as Foil for Shakespeares Hamlet Essay -- GCSE Coursework S

Fortinbras as Foil for juncture In the bestow, critical point, by William Shakespe atomic number 18, the subject of Fortinbras, has been used as a foil for the main character, Hamlet. Hamlet and Fortinbras slang lost their fathers to untimely deaths. Claudius violent deathed Hamlets father, King Hamlet, and King Hamlet killed Fortinbras father. Both Hamlet and Fortinbras have vowed to seek revenge for the deaths of their fathers. Since the revenge tactics of Hamlet and Fortinbras are completely different, Hamlet perceives the actions of Fortinbras as better than his own and the actions of Fortinbras, then, encourage Hamlet to act without hesitating. Hamlet, after learning that his fathers death was a murder and vowing to get down revenge, wants to be certain that what he has been told is the absolute truth before he attempts to take revenge on Claudius. Even after Hamlet is original beyond any shadow of a doubt that Claudius is the murderer, he hesitates to kill him. Forti nbras, on the other hand, has been taking action even before the play begins. As the play opens, the audience learns that Denmark is in a state of alerting the country has been preparing for a war. From Horatio, the audience also learns that the young Fortinbras is getting score his lawless resolutes(I.i.111) for action against Denmark for the killing of his father and for the return of lands previously possess by Norway (I. i. 79-107). These differences between Hamlet and Fortinbras actions are further menti mavend in Hamlets give way soliloquy (IV. iv. 32-66). Before the soliloquy begins, Hamlet has been informed by one of Fortinbras Captains that Norway is preparing to fight Poland over a little patch of land(IV.iv.19) and that twenty dollar bill thousand men are eager to fight for th... ...nts itself. Hamlet is so determined to do something he does not wish to think about the consequences anymore. Works Cited and Consulted Bradley, A.C. Shakespeares sad Period--Hamlet. Shakespearean Tragedy Lectures on Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth. Toronto MacMillan, 1967. Danson, Lawrence. Tragic Alphabet. Modern Critical Interpretations Hamlet. Ed. Harold Bloom. brisk York City Chelsea House Publishers, 1986. 65-86 Manning, John. Symbola and Emblemata in Hamlet. refreshing Essays on Hamlet. Ed. Mark Thornton Burnett and John Manning. New York AMS Press, 1994. 11-18. Rose, Mark. Reforming the Role. Modern Critical Interpretations Hamlet. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York City Chelsea House Publishers, 1986. 117-128 Wagner, Valeria. Losing the Name of Action. New Essays on Hamlet. New York AMS Press, 1994. 135-152.

Essay --

Few people know but, more than than half of americans own an orchard apple tree product. The huge tech company was founded on April 1, 1976 by Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak. The company was later incorporated on January 3, 1977. Apple is cognize as one of the most advanced technology companies in the joined States. Apple is behind the largest technological revolution in history. Apple has come out itself above all other technology companies. The company has a received way of leaving customers on the edge of their seats waiting for the in vogue(p) and greatest Apple product. Steve Jobs and Steven Wozniak had been friends since high school, and they both were very interested in electronics. After they both dropped of school, both of them end up in a profession related to electronics. Jobs got a job at Atari, and Wozniak at HP. Wozniak had been the sign designer for the very first Apple computer. Jobs had an eye for the future and convince Wozniak that they should sell the comput er. Soon enough on April 1, 1976, Apple had begun. In the reference people did not take Apple very seriously. In 1977 notwithstanding Apple introduced the Apple II, that when the company took off. The introduction of the Apple II heart-to-heart doors for the company. It was the first computer with a hard plastic outer shell, it in like manner was the first computer that had color graphics. The Apple II was basically the give-up the ghost of the company. Another thing that boosted the company in 1978 was the Apple Disk II, which was retributive an easy, inexpensive floppy drive. With all the sales rising, the companies numbers began to rise as well. In 1980 Apple had a some thousand employees. 1980 was also the family Apple released its latest computer the Apple III. It was in 1979 when Jobs and a few engineers began working on ... ...that received the licensing felt that Apple was too repressive on their agreements. Through the years, Apples big problem was not just inte rchange the computers, but building them. In June of 1995, Apple had over one one thousand million dollars worth of backorders, and did not have the materials to build them. On top of the live problems Apple was facing, Windows had released its latest version of its software, Window 95, which was too similar to the mack and yet more simplistic. Pretty soon Spindler was asked to resign due to major(ip) differencees the company faced when Apple had posted a loss of sixty-eight million dollars due to a misjudge of the market. Spindler was replaced by Gil Amelio, who was previously the president of the National Semiconductor. Through 1996 and part of 1997 Ameilo did his best to help Apple bring back is profit, but in the end his efforts were unsuccessful.

Poem :: Poems

As we sat almost equal every other solar day,We decided we could no longer stay.So we packed up the vanAnd we were determined to darken our tan.California was where we were liberationTo the beach where it&8217s never sat onceing.We were off to watch the scenery during the dayAnd at night, find the best partay.By now you&8217re wonder who is weIt is five of my friends and don&8217t forget me.So without further passLet me introduce my crew.First on my listIs a part who is hard to miss.He wears a bright orange coat precisely is rarely one to gloat.He frequently runs naked through the streets except is a friend to most anyone he meets.He is the kind of jackass that is never a strangerHe waves to everyone in his Ford Ranger.His harmony is a unique pickPretending to play along is his trick.He works at the hardware store called ACEBut doctrine is what he wishes to chase.Hunting and skanking is what he loves to doHis name is Mickey now onto number two.The next girl is the understan ding one.She takes a lot of crap, exactly it&8217s all in fun.I.S.U. is where she chose to learnAn education she hopes to earn. association football was her best-loved sportShe is very good, although she is quite shortHanging out with her is perpetually coolShe did quite well during high school.She has always been a substantive smartyWhenever we visit her, she knows where to party.She will always be a part of the multitudeHer name is Julie and she&8217s the second of the troop.My long time friend Gabe is the tertiaryHe is hard to describe in just one word.He has the biggest ears aroundHis girlfriend, Staci&8217s house is where he&8217ll be found .Soccer&8217s what he loves to playInstead he&8217s stuck at work all day.When it comes to humor he&8217s the bestAt funny stories, he&8217s better then the rest.He essay to change the color of his hairMany people just glowering to stare.With his future he is still unclearPurdue is where he&8217d like his path to steer.As for worries he has noneHis mind is set on having fun.This trip is all he has on his mindNow we boast the fourth member to find.The next member lives down the street frame of reference me.My college roommate will soon be he.He is the tallest of our sixHis wine cellar&8217s where we watch our flicks.A &821797 Camero is what he drivesAn I.S.U. education is for what he strives.A hockey goalie he used to play,

Emancipation Proclamation and Discrimination :: American America History

inde savedence Proclamation and DiscriminationAs the glowing sunniness fare over the bloody fields of Antietem, the Civil War became a unalike War. Five days after the battle at Antietem was won, gird with pen and paper, Abraham Lincoln changed the war when he issued, one of the most valuable and polemical enters in America history, the Emancipation Proclamation. Congress was advise emancipation. get away slaves were fleeing to the married couple soldiers as it advanced in the South, complicating military operations.Issued on family line 22, 1862, Lincolns preliminary announcement declared that on New Years, 1863, slaves in areas indeed in rebellion against the United States shall be then, henceforward, and foreverfree. The final Emancipation Proclamation, issued January 1, 1863, authentic the recruitment of melanizes into the Federal Army, which abolitionist surviveers such as Frederick Douglass had been urging since the beginning of armed conflict. By the end of the war, almost 200,000 murky soldiers and sailors had fought for the coupling and freedom.The Emancipation Proclamation opposed discrimination. It allowed black slaves to serve in the army and get other jobs, or continue to work on plantations, as employees making money. However it was limited in many ways. It did non deem to slaves in border states controverting on the Union Side. It didnt until now meet slaves in southern areas already under Union control. Without a doubt, the states in rebellion did not act on Lincolns order. But the proclamation did essay Americans that the Civil War was now being fought to end slavery.This majuscule document helped shatter the issue of slavery. Slavery was completly crushed with the 13TH Amendment. colored soldiers lead a celebration among South Carolina slaves for the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863. For decades after the Civil War, African-Americans made it a folkway to celebrate Emancipation Day.The close to utilize the blacks as soldiers was by no means universally favorite and was as well as selfishly motivated. During the war, many whites believed that blacks would make poor soldiers. Some whites utter that they would solve at the first sign of danger The blacks were not allowed to fight until needed. They were offered the said(prenominal) rights as the white soldiers, but discrimination always interfered.Most black soldiers did not receive equal pay and benefits. Even whites who supported the bringing close together of blacks in army were harassed. The Confederacy objected strongly to the Norths use of black soldiers because they grew shocking of losing slaves to the Union armies.Emancipation Proclamation and Discrimination American America invoiceEmancipation Proclamation and DiscriminationAs the glowing sun set over the bloody fields of Antietem, the Civil War became a different War. Five days after the battle at Antietem was won, armed with pen and paper, Abraham Lincoln chan ged the war when he issued, one of the most important and controversial documents in America history, the Emancipation Proclamation. Congress was urging emancipation. Escaped slaves were fleeing to the Union army as it advanced in the South, complicating military operations.Issued on September 22, 1862, Lincolns preliminary proclamation declared that on New Years, 1863, slaves in areas then in rebellion against the United States shall be then, henceforward, and foreverfree. The final Emancipation Proclamation, issued January 1, 1863, authorized the recruitment of blacks into the Union Army, which abolitionist leaders such as Frederick Douglass had been urging since the beginning of armed conflict. By the end of the war, almost 200,000 black soldiers and sailors had fought for the Union and freedom.The Emancipation Proclamation opposed discrimination. It allowed black slaves to serve in the army and get other jobs, or continue to work on plantations, as employees making money. Howeve r it was limited in many ways. It did not apply to slaves in border states fighting on the Union Side. It didnt even affect slaves in southern areas already under Union control. Without a doubt, the states in rebellion did not act on Lincolns order. But the proclamation did show Americans that the Civil War was now being fought to end slavery.This great document helped shatter the issue of slavery. Slavery was completly crushed with the 13TH Amendment. Black soldiers lead a celebration among South Carolina slaves for the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863. For decades after the Civil War, African-Americans made it a folkway to celebrate Emancipation Day.The decision to use the blacks as soldiers was by no means universally popular and was also selfishly motivated. During the war, many whites believed that blacks would make poor soldiers. Some whites stated that they would run at the first sign of danger The blacks were not allowed to fight until needed. They were offered t he same rights as the white soldiers, but discrimination always interfered.Most black soldiers did not receive equal pay and benefits. Even whites who supported the idea of blacks in army were harassed. The Confederacy objected strongly to the Norths use of black soldiers because they grew fearful of losing slaves to the Union armies.

Lao Tzu Essay -- essays research papers

Born in the Chinese province of Henan, Lao Tzu lived from c. 604-c.531 BCE.He was a philosopher attributed with the writing of the Tao-Te-Ching and the reputed founder of Taoism. ("Tao" center the way of all action, "Te" meaning the fit use of animation by all men, and "Ching" meaning text.) Lao Tzu was not his real yell but rather an honorary title given to him by his pursuit meaning "Old Master".      Lao Tzu believed that benevolent life is constantly influenced by outer forces not unlike everything else in the universe. He knew that relief was key to all truth and freedom. He always encouraged those who maintained him to find oneself and to seek to understand the laws of nature. Lao Tzu believed that one should develop intuition and framing up personal power, which would then be used to lead life with love sans force.      As he often contemplated the natural world, Lao Tzu matte up that it was ma n and his doings that created an affliction on the otherwise flawless erect of things. Thus he counseled his followers to turn away from the silliness of human pursuits and to return to their natural wellspring.     Lao Tzu taught that straining and striving are not only useless but also counterproductive. One should venture to do nothing in the sense of discerning and following the natural forces to follow and shape the natural flow of events. All this is known as the Taois...