Erik Erikson Theory of Development

Erik Erikson Theory of DevelopmentHuman life is findd by so mevery f crookors which brook to how they be brace. Every human being has a reputation which umteen claim that it might be cause by genes. thither be circumstances that go un noniced which contribute to how people be discombobulate. These events run from puerility to adulthood and that is what the theory of exploitation/ model of early childhood maturement as created by Erik Erikson try to explain. This paper highlights on child development and factors that determines his/her behavior as explained by Erikson in his theory of development. This theory explains wherefore people behave as they do which is contributed by environment, interaction and response. there be eight exemplifys and in each, on that point are twain absolute invites as well as negative which give either result. The point in times contribute to physical, emotion, intelligence and social features of an individual.Theory of Development/Model of Early childhood DevelopmentThe theory of development came up in 20th degree Celsius when interest to change the perception of children being small adults and aim to collide with the abnormal behaviors became a concern. There have been many theories on this fuse like Freuds psychosexual wooden legs which focused on mental disorders in childhood. The Pi long timets stages of cognitive development attributed to Jean Piaget who had a view that children and adults never thought the same. prank B.Watson, B. F. Skinner and Ivan Pavlov develop the behavioral child development theories which test on the influence of the environment to behavior (Thomas, 2005). Lastly, Eriksons stages of psychosocial development by Erik Erikson was veritable which encompassed the unscathed human life. Each stage in his theory is presented with conflict whose winner or calamity refers on the character (Muzi, 2000).Erik Erikson tries to explain the development of personality and behavior in people mostly attributable to stages in life. virtually of his wee is developed and related to Freuds he has only made his interlacing and covers from childhood to adulthood (Baldwin, 2008). Development takes place in all old age in human life according to him. Exposure, training, reciprocation and sleep together determine the do of these stages on a persons behavior and personality either negative or incontrovertible. Each stage is presented with equal positive and negative effects and Erik warns against use of the word givement and encourages on the word acquisition of personality. He built his work on Freuds to make it more meaningful and accessible. His work shows the tasks that need to be accomplished in different ages for smooth livelihood (Santrock, 2010).In his model, he developed eight stages using age crease which is not fixed hence there are overlaps. In any of the stages that is not well partaken, it whitethorn present problems in the future. The first stage accordin g to his psychosocial development is trust vs. mistrust with a virtue of look forward to and go through in infants amid 0 to I year. In this stage, there is organic reliance of the child from the mother. Parents act as a shoot as child understands the world. If the child is exposed to the basic needs of the stage, he/she whitethorn have trust on the world. If the opposite happens, the child gains a sense of mistrust to the highest degree the world. This is the stage in which the infant understands about the world and its people. The writer advocates for warmth, sleeping and feeding amongst others (Thomas, 2005).Stage two is liberty vs. shame and doubt with a virtue of will and is experienced in toddlers between age 2 and 3 eld. The child is on an exploration about the surroundings. At this stage, it cyphers with the parents encouragement as well as strictness. The infants depend on the caregivers reaction to their actions. They bum move and the muscle coordination is incre ased. They can answer to close to of their issues without bothering the caregivers and if encouraged, they gain a sense of autonomy but if discouraged, they whitethorn develop doubts and shame about their ability. It encompasses independence and confidence both of thought and oneself. The writer advocates for toilet training, aiding their walking and showing encouragement (Baldwin, 2008).In gap vs. guilt which is the third stage, its virtue is purpose and is in children between 3 to 5 years i.e. preschool. It is based on tasks for purposes and the children learn about spirit like gravity. The guilt whitethorn be caused by unsuccessful person to achieve or doing the wrong thing. They have a multiple of choices about the activities to do which may be fit for them or unfit hence impact the juniors i.e. doing what is beyond their capability. The responses they receive from juniors have effects on their initiative. If they discover motivated, they can try new thing which give con fidence and achievement and if they are demoralized, they can feel guilty. The activities undertaken in this stage may result to both negative and positive behaviors. If the child fails in most of his/her activities, frustration may develop hence may depict negative behaviors. Erik encourages on hearten and adventure as the management techniques (Slentz Krogh, 2008).The fourth stage is industry vs. lower rank with a virtue of competence and is between ages 6 to 11 years i.e. childhood. At this stage, children are now aware of themselves and apply more system of logic to practical things. They aim at doing right, being responsible and attending to their issues with no or minimal assistance. The children are recognized with groups either through enculturation or differences in personality. The activities undertaken here are complex, meaningful and purposeful. The spirit of cooperation is developed and every child discovers his/her unique capabilities. This stage takes place mostl y when many people are in school and is considered as a decisive intonation in ones life because everything else is built on it. The main techniques are parents, teachers and friends encouragement as well as schooling (Newcombe, 2010).Identity vs. authority confusion comes as the one-fifth stage. It has an ego quality of fidelity and it is between 12 to 19 years concentrated on adolescence. It is a transition from childhood to adulthood in which there is confusion in roles. It brings a sense of individuation, what has transpired from stage one to stage four can be termed as mare childhood but now strongity of who they are and what the society views and expects of them is vivid. There is what is expected in the future and it is at this stage that matching of the past and the expectations is done. This creates the personality of who you want to be. The sexuality is well developed and there are self ideologies which may or may not be affected by past stages (Slentz Krogh, 2008).D epending on the results from fourth stage, the fifth stage may take place at different ages, some as early as 17 and 18 temporary hookup others as late as 20 and 21.There are more experiments before the real identity is established. Adolescents are in a position to differ with their parents and caregivers on some issues like politics and religion. Many parents may try to influence decisions made by their children at this stage like the career to pursue. This may block their self establishment hence have an influenced identity because this stage requires total independence. It can be established by identifying with peers and groups (Baldwin, 2008).The stage of matter vs. isolation has the value of love which is established between 20 to 40 years, among young adults. Some bit of identity vs. role confusion may be experienced at early years of this stage due to late identity establishment. Identification with friends is most here and since there is experience of pain, some may isola te themselves due to fear of break ups and rejection. They bristle a defense mechanism that that can destroy what seems dangerous to them. With mental institution of association, people graduate to commitments which call for compromises and sacrifices. This is where marriage is established forming a long-run commitment which brings both emotional and physical closeness. Failure to experience intimacy may cause isolation which may be due to rejection or personal reasons (Slentz Krogh, 2008). There is need for social life, friends and lovers to achieve satisfaction in this stage.The seventh stage is generativity vs. stagnation with a virtue of care and is experienced between 45 to 65 years, middle adulthood. It has more social working and responsibility focused on the siblings as they are the future generation. These adults act as caregivers of the young ones and it is a warning that their success or failure in any of the introductory stages should not affect on the flair they influence the siblings (Thomas, 2005). They have a lot of tasks to do to the young ones and overly the children have set expectations about them. Responsibility extends to others and the ability to give it is generativity while inability is the stagnation. It is associated with works of giving back to the community and through care. fruit is expected from these mid adults both in terms of work and fight to the community development.The final stage is ego integrity vs. despair which is experienced in senior adults of age 65 and above. Its virtue guide is knowledge and it is more of a review of how the life has been and what he/she has achieved and need for rest. These individuals feel either rejected or accepted depending on what they have done, the impact of their actions on the community and the world at striking (Slentz Krogh, 2008) It is the stage at which they make peace with people, the creator and also need peace of mind. If their lives have been successful and full of accomplishments, the adult feels full of integrity. If the life has been a total failure, they feel despair. The review is focused on the achievements made which could be in one way or another, an improvement to the world, making it a demote place. This stage also allows an adult to give back to the community what he/she had not yet given i.e. being responsible and making up for any mistakes or harms inflicted to both the people and world at large (Thomas, 2005).In all these stages of life, there are two extremes one positive and the other negative and there is need for an individual to balance both of them to have a balanced living. Each stage acts as a transition to the next and it is important to accomplish the tasks in each stage, failure to which may result to problems in the future. The age gaps provided may not be fixed depending on different reviews as well as individuals. They used as a guiding way to place all the stages in a life of a human being. There are individuals t hat may be late to graduate to the next stage hence carrying the previous stage tasks (Slentz Krogh, 2008). Others graduate faster than presented in years in the Eriks theory. This creates the differences in ages when a given stage starts and when it ends. The most affected stage is identity vs. role confusion in which many girls start at age 9 which is below the provide age of 12 to 19 years. There is need for caregivers to ensure proper balancing of the conflicts especially in the stages that they have control of for good life development